Letter Of Study Application Letter - 799 Words

I am writing to apply for the tenure track associate professor position in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Louisiana at Lafayette. I have a Ph.D. degree in Mechanical Engineering from the Mechanical and Energy Processes Department/Southern Illinois University - Carbondale, USA (Fall 2000). The areas of my expertise (teach research) are in the mechanical systems mainly machine design and solid Mechanics. I believe that my teaching and research capabilities and my industrial experience that I gained through conducting major projects/consultations for different industries prepared me to be an effective faculty member in your department. I am currently a visiting professor at the Mechanical and Aerospace†¦show more content†¦At the graduate level, I would naturally be interested in teaching courses in mechanical systems and solid mechanics and related courses. My research focuses on designing of mechanical systems and investigating mechanical interaction between machine components. This research required a truly multidisciplinary research effort span the entire mechanical systems and solid mechanics spectrums of mechanical engineering. The encountered background and knowledge has led me to expand my research to account for the failure of machine components and systems in automotive and aerospace industries such as automotive brake systems and clutches, and aircraft landing gears. For the past few years, I have been also involved in designing and fabricating of mechanical systems and devices for oil and gas industries. This includes designing and constructing of drilling testing systems and high load low frequency vibration devices. The systems/devices are utilized to investigate the causes of the downhole assembly and drill pipes/drill bits failures. The research also involved engineering and manufacturing of new materials mainly nano-particles and using them as additives to improve the drilling fluids stability and lubricity in HTHP conditions. The research projects are funded by major international oil and gas companies (Shell, PDO, and Schlumberger) and by well-respected research organizations such as Qatar Foundation and the Research Council. As a reward for my teaching and researchShow MoreRelatedWhat Is A Plan To Improve Letter Formation Of Capital Letters?820 Words   |  4 Pagesdevelopmentally delayed and have difficulty writing their letters correctly. I am interested in knowing whether or not students will improve their letter formation of capital letters with use of the IPad application program for Handwriting Without Tears (HWT). I plan to implement the IPad app with points given for each successful formation of letters. I will apply this intervention using an Multiple baseline design. Design Study Linked to Research Literature A study presented in the Journal on Educational PsychologyRead MoreCommon Types of Application Letters1700 Words   |  7 PagesCommon Types of Application Letters To begin planning your letter, decide which type of application letter you need. This decision is in part based on requirements that employers may have, and in part based on what your background and employment needs are. In many ways, types of application letters are like the types of resumes. The types of application letters can be defined according to amount and kind of information: • Objective letters Ââ€" One type of letter says very little: it identifies theRead MoreWhat Is RHA 3 And Rha 4?1045 Words   |  5 Pagesid=P170002 Submission Classification RHA ® 2, RHA ® 3 and RHA ® 4 are elevated risk devise since they are pre-filled syringed to be directly used by the end user and hence classified as Class III device. This makes the product most suitable for a PMA application. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfpma/pma.cfm?id=P170002 Quality Management System Quality Management System (QMS) as mentioned in 21 CFR 820 is to be adapted. The QMS should meet the criteria as available in FDA Quality SystemRead MoreVisa Application Process From Nepal Essay768 Words   |  4 PagesCStudent visa application process from Nepal for different countries have different application procedures and requirements. This writing explores the student visa application process for United Kingdom (UK) for Nepalese student. First of all, the student visa application process begins from proper visa application counseling. Those students who are planning to study in the UK from Nepal need to visit either at the embassy of the UK or education consultancies in Kathmandu. â€Å"Educational consultanciesRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Black Letter Law755 Words   |  4 PagesBlack-letter analysis of legal proceedings is a highly debated approach with many either completely in favour of it or completely against its application. In this essay, I will discuss the disadvantages, of this approach as presented in the article An Introduction and Guide to the Conduct of Legal Research , and their relevance to South African legal education specifically. Black-letter Law refers the basic elements of law which are free from dispute or doubt. It refers to the law accepted by mostRead MoreI Graduate From Concordia University Essay1461 Words   |  6 Pagespsychology. When applying to this program there are many application requirements, deadlines, and fees. In order to apply, one must submit a cumulative GPA, official transcripts, GRE scores in the math and verbal sections, three letters of recommendation, and an admission essay detailing academic interests and career goals, see Appendix A. Appendix B provides a detailed outline of the application form. The application fee is $50 with the application as a whole, due February 15. Faculty in the psychologyRead MoreThe Effect of Teaching Kinesthetic Letter Sound Symbols to Students1056 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The effect of Teaching Kinesthetic letter sound symbols to formulate an oral or written response to CVC words or pseudo words What is the problem you are addressing? Students have to learn the names and sounds of the letters in order move on into more advance connections that will lead them into success in reading and writing. Traditional teaching methods in our schools allow students to make the connections between letter prints and phonemes using mostly visual and auditory learningRead MoreResearch Ethics : The Advancement Of Ethically Sound Research890 Words   |  4 PagesResearch ethics review is vital to the advancement of ethically sound research. Before individuals can be enrolled in a clinical study, the research must be approved by a research ethics board (REB), an independent committee composed of medical and scientific experts, ethicists, researchers and healthcare professionals, as well as non-scientific members such as legal and privacy experts and members representing the community. The REB’s role is to ensure that the proposed research adequately protectsRead MoreNormal Business Con tracts846 Words   |  3 Pagesterms, made with the intention that it shall become binding as soon as it is accepted by the person to whom it is addressed, the offeree†1. It is a statement of terms and conditions of that will be passed to the offeree. It might be passed through letters, newspaper and advertisement. While Andrew Burrows defines the invitation of treat as â€Å"an expression of willingness to negotiate. A person making an invitation of treats does not intend to bind as soon as it is acceptable by the person to whomRead MoreThe Literary Genre Of 2 Peter996 Words   |  4 PagesApostle Peter a dedicated servant and disciple of Jesus. The date that the letter was written has some controversy, however, in his correspondence Peter mentions that his life is coming to an end, and Peter was martyred for his faith in Rome about A.D. 64-67. Therefore, establishing the date of Peter s second letter within that time frame. Peter wrote out of love to defend and protect the immutable word of God. The letters main purpose was to warn fellow devotees about false teachers that would try

Punishment And Tough On Crime Era Policies Essay - 1983 Words

In this period of mass incarceration and tough on crime era policies, harsh prison and jail conditions are being utilized as a form of deterrent to reduce crime and improve public safety. Accordingly, well over â€Å"2.3 million people are in prison or jail, and 700,000 former offenders are returned into society each year and 77 percent were sent back to prison costing taxpayers massive amounts of revenue.† (Mears Cochran, 2015) As a result of this the United States possesses the â€Å"highest incarceration rate in the world† due to this faulty theory. (Mears Cochran, 2015) For many politicians and the general public, they believe the idea that stringent and austere prison conditions will create a milieu in which an offender will want to reform to avoid these intolerable living environments. This situation is exacerbated by the lack of studies, and politicians not heeding the existing research. According to Listwan et al., limited number of studies that has paid syste matic attention to how exposure to the deprivations or pains of imprisonment might foster reoffending. This omission is somewhat perplexing, given that the pains of imprisonment have long been documented and that policymakers have explicitly celebrated the painfulness of prisons as a way of teaching offenders that â€Å"crime does not pay.† (Listwan et al., 2013) However, these intentions are faulty, and it raises a myriad of issues about mass imprisonment and reentry. Brutal and insufferable prison conditions create anShow MoreRelatedClassical Vs. Classical Criminology989 Words   |  4 Pagesacknowledge human behaviour as a cause of crime (Morrison 1995). This has led some researchers to argue that classical criminology cannot be considered as a science (Garland 1985). Further, researchers have, however, disputed these claims, arguing that the research provided by classical criminologists is useful and has provided a gateway for many criminal justice reforms. In light of this, this essay will outline the classical criminological theory of crime causation, if any, and discuss how this positionRead MoreThe Increased Prison Population and Improper Punishment System1083 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Within the context of the post 9/11 era a complex and arguably contradictory and paradoxical set of conditions, practices and policies have emerged in relation to how we see, represent, understand and acknowledge the diversity of ‘Others’† (2008). In this paper, I have discussed issue of racism which our contemporary society is facing. Overcrowded prisons and improper punishment systems are immense social issues for many nations’ governments. Growing prison punishment has led to congested prison andRead MoreInvestigating The Roots Of The Prison Industrial Complex1576 Words   |  7 PagesObama granted clemency to 46 prisoners, facing decades of prison time for low-level non-violent drug offenses. Obama said the nation is spending too much money on incarceration of individuals who received long sentences for relatively minor drug crimes, and so by granting amnesty to these 46 prisoners, he hopes to push the drive towards prison reform. This simple action gave four dozen prisoners a second chance at life. This brings Obama’s commutations to 89. Presidential clemency has always beenRead MoreCorrections: From Rehabilitation to a More Punitive Model Essay1594 Words   |  7 Pagessystem as the appropriate locus for disability related policy matters†. Clear, T., Cole, G. (2013) acknowledged that most of the states started building prisons and transformed the others in the correctional institutions between 1960s and 1970s. The rehabilitation model was conquered and the counselors or teachers administered the treatment programs at that time. In the facilities the greater preference were security, disciple, and order. In that era prisoners enjoyed a lot constitutional rights asRead MoreJuvenile Crime And Crime Rates1609 Words   |  7 PagesJuvenile crime is one of the nation s most serious problems. Concerns about it are generally broadcasted by federal, state, and local government officials and by the public. In years prior, the burden developed beginning with the dramatic rise in juvenile violence in the eighties reaching an all-time peak in the first part of the nineties. Even though juvenile crime rates seem to have lowered since the mid-nineties, the reduction has not eased the concern. Many states began taking strict statutoryRead MoreEssay On Law And Order Politics801 Words   |  4 PagesAs the atmosphere inside and outside of Donald Trump’s rallies took a violent turn this weekend, the comparisons grew between Trump and two figures from an earlier era of tumult: President Richard Nixon, and George Walla ce, the conservative populist politician whose 1968 campaign for president drew on cries for â€Å"law and order.† Trump’s language has clearly been harkening back to that tumultuous Vietnam War period, even using the same phrases. â€Å"There has to be some decorum,† he said in St. Louis onRead MoreThe United States Juvenile Justice Court Was Based On The1325 Words   |  6 Pagesthe age of childhood influenced England’s juvenile justice. Eventually the English common-law established â€Å"children under seven should not face any legal penalties† (Bartollas Miller, 2017, p.4), making children under the age of 7 exempt from punishment. At the beginning of the juvenile justice system in the United States, the United States continued the English practices to include that the family is in control of the children. But it was during the colonial times and later that the communitiesRead MoreSocial Issues Should Serve As A Guide Rather Than A Solidified Model3239 Words   |  13 Pagessocial trends we will also see changes in socially acceptable behaviors, including delinquency. Implementing criminal justice policies and procedures based on social attitudes and behaviors increases the potentia l for injustice to occur via unrealistic expectation that the trend will remain constant throughout an ever evolving society. Changes to our justice system policies and practices should be implemented in fair and balanced capacities, thus trending social issues should serve as a guide ratherRead MoreThe Incarceration Of The Correctional System910 Words   |  4 Pagesthrough incarceration, probation, or parole, while prisons are the most popular correctional agency in America. Prisons in America were among some of the first public buildings established in the New World. Early prisons were not considered â€Å"houses of punishment,† but were rather referred to as temporary holding cells. The history of U.S. prisons from the late 1700s to the late 1800s was marked by a shift from a penitentiary system primarily concerned with rehabilitation to one concerned more with warehousingRead MorePunishing Race : A Continuing American Dilemma979 Words   |  4 PagesProfessor Michael T onry is the McKnight Presidential Professor of Criminal Law and Policy, director of the Institute on Crime and Public Policy of the University of Minnesota. He is one of the leading scholars of crime and punishment who has put race and race disparity at for front of the American Criminal Justice System and written many scholarly books on the topic. In his other works he has shaped an image of how racially minded the Criminal Justice System is and how such injustice has been applied

Letter Format Free Essays

This letter illustrates the use of the full-block style. Because of the efficiency with which this letter can be keyboarded, its use is growing in popularity. (blank line between paragraphs) Some persons object to this letter style because everything is at the left margin; they believe that the date and closing lines should be centered or started at the center of the page. We will write a custom essay sample on Letter Format or any similar topic only for you Order Now Others would like to indent the first line of each paragraph. 80th variations are acceptable; the letter style is known as modified block style. Notice that the â€Å"open† style of punctuation is used in this letter; there are no marks of punctuation after the salutation (greeting) or complimentary close. However, it is acceptable, regardless of the letter style, to use â€Å"mixed† punctuation, which requires a colon (:) after the salutation and a comma after the complimentary close. Finally, notice how your title is shown after your name on the first line of the inside address. However, my title is on the next line in the closing. We try to equalize the line length by doing so. A comma is required if you place the title on the same line as the person’s name. (blank line before complimentary close) Sincerely (three blank lines before typed signature) How to cite Letter Format, Papers

The Remains of the Day Essay Sample free essay sample

The narrative The remains of the twenty-four hours. by Kazuo Ishiguro is filled with both facets of loss and sorrow. The term Loss is an sum that one suffers due to an event and the term sorrow means to experience sorry for actions that have been done. These two major subjects can be both seen misprint and figurative over the class of the novel. The book stresses importance on the past and all that could of come from it. There are many declinations from Stevens non being able to be with Miss Kenton to neer being able to be his ain individual. The loss in this book is heavy every bit good runing from deceases to loss of felicity. and Lord Darlington’s loss of regard. The book has many flashbacks in it puting a scene of bitterness in the characters fro the present. Overall both loss and regret drama large functions in The remains of the twenty-four hours because of all the unhappiness these two ideals brought. During the class of the novel there were many declinations when covering with Stevens a pantryman. â€Å"I suppose. when with the benefit of hindsight one begins to seek one’s yesteryear for such ‘turning points’ . one is disposed to get down seeing them everywhere† ( 175 ) . One of his biggest declinations for him was non being with Miss Kenton a housekeeper. Miss Kenton was the love of his life and he did non prosecute her. He rethinks his past actions with her and realizes he could hold had a better life with her with more felicity. He neer acted on his feelings for her and merely allow her steal off to someplace else. He feels great hurting from this particularly since now Miss Kenton has married. But even miss Kenton feels regretful of her determination. â€Å"when you think to yourself: What a awful error I’ve made with my life. And you get to believing about a different life. a better life you might hold had. For case. I get to believing about a life I may hold had with you. Mr. Stevens† ( 226 ) . She realizes excessively that her true love is Stevens but now is stuck in a loveless matrimony that she wishes she could take back. Stevens is to a great extent saddened from the bend of events in his life. This along with other ground was cause for why he neer was his ain individual. Stevens declinations besides non doing his ain determinations and standing up for himself and finds himself ever believing. â€Å"This employer embodies all that I find baronial and admirable. I will hereafter give myself to him† ( 200 ) . He comes to footings that he neer got all that he could out of life and merely lived as add-ons to his different employers. He understands that he was held back by his occupation and how much more joy he could hold had in life. â€Å"You see. I trusted. I trusted in his lordship’s wisdom. All those old ages I served him. I trusted I was making something worthwhile. I can’t even say I made my ain errors. Truly – 1 has to inquire oneself – what self-respect is at that place in that? † ( 243 ) . He could hold been his ain adult male. with his ain docket. but alternatively helped be after person else. In bend declinations his life and what has come from it. Another subject in the narrative is the thought of los s. Loss is intertwined in this book and trades with many events in it. It about touches every charter in the facet of decease with both people and ideals. Stevens loses his pa who he shows small compunction when on his deathbed. Miss Kenton loses her lone comparative her aunt and Lord Darlington loses two beloved friends. All theses deceases and lose bring about unhappiness and no good. Lose of anything is bad and most certainty bad when covering with existent peoples lives. Stevens and Miss Kenton and Lord Darlington all lose something else nonliteral as good. Stevens loses Miss Kenton and thrust to prosecute her. Besides Miss Kenton loses her concealed love Stevens and hopes of have a true matrimony with person a individual loves. From this they both lose portion of they souls every bit good as their Black Marias in losing the clip they could of captured in order to be together. â€Å"Rather. it was as though one had available a ceaseless figure of yearss. months. old ages in which to screen out the vagaries of one’s relationship with Miss Kenton ; an infinite figure of farther chances in which to rectify the consequence of this or that misconstruing. There was certainly nil to bespeak at the clip that such obviously little incidents would render whole dreams everlastingly irredeemable† ( 179 ) . Lord Darlington besides looses something and that is his repute and judgement. He looses this by believing in the Nazis ideals of World War II and back uping them. He gets brainwashed by the Nazis and does non genuinely understand their existent message. â€Å"Over the last few old ages. his Lordship has likely been the individual most utile pawn Herr Hitler has had in this state for his propaganda fast ones. All the better because he’s sincere and honorable and doesn’t acknowledge the true nature of what he’s doing† ( 224 ) . From this people look down on him and he is neer viewed as the same. He loses who he truly is. Lose comes up in many manner in the book all-leading to a grief or saddened manner of life. Two subjects regret and loss extremely impact The remains of the twenty-four hours by demoing the unhappiness it can convey. Loss and sorrows are things that no individual wants but are difficult to avoid. Loss is experienced with the deceases of people. losing loved 1s. and reputes being ruined. Regret is seen with Stevens neer being able to interrupt free and go his ain individual and a failed opportunity at true love between Stevens and Miss Kenton. Taken as a whole. the book expresses these impressions in a mode to demo people that life must non be taken for granted and lived to the fullest. Cipher is perfect doing everyone affected by loss and sorrow. Peoples should larn from their errors and take away lessons. No affair the loss or repent one should neer give up on there ain life.

World War One an Example by

World War One World War One in Europe was a defeating accomplishment because of the overall death toll. This paper will focus on why there were so many deaths during this wars, both civilian and military, by bringing a discussion about weapons technology to the forefront of the paper and how modern technology clashed with old tactics. In order to have a grasp of the world wars in Europe, a short history of communication and rivalry in Europe will be discussed in order for a clear picture of why so many countries were involved in these world wars. A focus on the daily lives of countrymen, especially Germans and especially the women left to fend for themselves while the men fought in the war will be dissected since Germany was a country who suffered financially after each war and the cruel reality that the country itself made their own people suffer with hunger in order to win the war (because funds were being transferred to developing weapons and not to the people of the country). Need essay sample on "World War One" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Our Customers Usually Tell EssayLab professionals: I attempted to work on that type essay by myself and it was a failure. Go To The Order Button And Prepare Yourself To Be Impressed Buy Essays Online College Papers Online Website To Write Papers Write My Essay For Me Cheap However, once the treaty was finalized, it met great resistance in the American Congress. There were many factors that divided the American Congress of the treaty. One of these factors was the seemingly light punishment that Wilson detailed against Germany. Partly because the United States had only been on the war for a short time, and partly because Wilson wanted to end the US involvement in European politics, he drafted the Fourteen Points against Germany. The next problem came from the congressmen who still opposed any US involvement in Europe. Since before the United States entered World War I, many Americans felt that US involvement was a waste of time and life. The Europe that emerged after the war was seen as much the same as it had been before the war began. Between these two main groups of opposition, there was not enough support, therefore, Wilsons treaty failed to be ratified by the United States congress. Wilson felt this was a great failure; it plagued him throughout the remainder of his presidency. Europes Wars and Revolutions: A Brief History Throughout Europe, the 17th and 18th centuries were a turbulent time. Among the many wars that were fought in this age, the War of Spanish Succession and the Seven Years War were particularly important. During the reign of The Sun King, Louis XIV, of France, the Kingdom of Spain fought to break away from the hegemonic rule of the Hapsburgs. Following the death of the last Hapsburg king of Spain, the new king, Phillip V slowly began to break away from French domination. Though he was a grandson of Frances King Louis XIV, Phillip V wanted a sovereign Spain, while Louis XIV desired a Spain that would serve France. The Holy Roman Empire saw the succession of Spain and the expansions of France as a threat. Therefore, Britain, the Danish kingdoms and the HRE joined into an alliance to stem this tide. Britains General, John Churchill, brought the greatest victories against France as he outmaneuvered Louis XIV, by securing the Netherlands, and the British foothold in Northern Europe. A few decades later, the next Great War, The Seven Years War, engulfed Europe again. The pressing of French interests in the North American regions was seen as a threat to other European nations. Prussia and Great Britain allied against France and fought for (actually) nine years. The resulting outcome saw a weakened France on the American continent, and in Europe, and a more powerful Prussia Europe, and a dominant Great Britain in North America. World War One This war entailed the Allied powers of Britain, France and America (triple entente) against the central powers, Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire (triple alliance) from August 1924- November 11, 1918. This war led to the eventual collapse of four major empires and a new power structure in Europe that would eventually be tested with the Second World War. The war tactic that was infamous during World War One was trench warfare, as Solar Navigator (1999) states. Advances in military technology meant that defensive firepower out-weighed offensive capabilities, making the war particularly murderous, as tactics had failed to keep up. Barbed wire was a significant hindrance to massed infantry advances; artillery, now vastly more lethal than in the 1870s, coupled with machine guns, made crossing open ground a nightmarish prospect. By 1915 both sides were using poison gas. Neither side ever won a battle with gas, but it made life even more miserable in the trenches and became one of the most feared, and longest remembered, horrors of the war. Between the trenches of opposing forces was what is commonly defined as no man's land which accounted for a great percentage of deaths in this war. Not only were troops mobilized in the sea, which is common practice for war, but for the first time in history, a battle commenced in the sky. The death rate of this war was tremendous due to numerous factors, as Solar Navigator, states, the Battle of St. Mihel in 1918. Here, within a matter of one day, American troops, supported by tanks, airplanes, and artillery, advanced over 20 miles, clearing a salient that had been a thorn in the side of the French army since 1914. More than 9 million soldiers died on the various battlefields, and nearly that many more in the participating countries' home fronts on account of food shortages and genocide committed under the cover of various civil wars and internal conflicts. In World War I, only some 5% of the casualties (directly caused by the war) were civilian - in World War II, this figure approached 50%. These devastating facts highlight the true gruesome reality of World War One and its dramatic increase in deaths. The end of World War one saw the demise of many empires and the eventual creation of different countries. These included the end of the Russian Empire but the birth of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics which would become a world power. The destruction of the Ottoman Empire led to the Republic of Turkey and other middle east states. Central Europe saw the rise of Czechoslovakia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia and Yugoslavia while other states were reestablished such as Austria, Hungary and Poland. Not only did World War One create new states of power and conflicting issues between these state would eventually lead to World War Two. In 1923 for example Fascists came into power in Italy and as Solar Navigator states, in 1933, 14 years after the war, Nazism took over Germany. Problems unresolved or created by the war would be highly important factors in the outbreak, within 20 years, of World War II. Causes: Why so many countries involved As most wars began, the First World War was the nascent war after an assassination. This assassination took place on June 28, 1914 (unofficially the beginning of the war). Gavrilo Princip, who was part of the Black Hand Gang assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo. The reason for the Archdukes visit was to take imperial rule over a province (Solar Navigator). It must also be stated that this was not the sole contributor to the war, but it was one factor of many. Other causes of the war were included in the treaty of Versailles and the Treaty of Trianon. Austria, along with Berlin essentially acted first in its invasion of Serbia on July 29 that is one cause of the war. Also, Germany who on August 3, attacked Belgium, in accordance to the Schlieffen Plan (Solar Navigator). It was in these acts that the war began and it was in the above mentioned treaties that the Second World War may be found, as Solar Navigator states, Though drastically simplified, such an overview clearly portrays Germany and Austria-Hungary as the aggressors, and therefore, those bearing responsibility. Not surprisingly, this resulted in the humiliation of Germany, which included the demand that Germany pay all the war costs (including pensions) of the Allies. This directly affected the global economy and indirectly contributed to the Great Depression. Weapons The First World War was a race for advance weapons technology; essentially it was an arms race. For example, the HMS Dreadnought made obsolete all other previous war ships. This introduction of a weapon only incited other countries to build bigger and better warships to outrival Britains HMS Dreadnought. Between Britain and Germany there was an extreme arms race to discover and build a better war ship. One country was ever trying to out build the other. In view of this war ship other weapons were either introduced or being used with slight modifications during World War One which included the following: armored cars, grenades and mill bombs, Mark 1 (Mother; a tank), smokeless gunpowder, torpedo, and wireless communication (Spartacus). Why So Many Deaths In the face of technology is the reflection of deaths of not only soldiers but citizenry. World War One was a war fought with 19th century tactics and 29th century weaponry and technology which explains the high death rate of the war, in the trenches alone it is reported that one man died for every meter of land gained (Solar Navigator). Many of historys deadliest battles were fought in World War One, for example, Ypres, Vimy Ridge, Marne, Cmbrai, Somme, Verdun, and Gallipoli (Solar Navigator). There were so many deaths in the First World War because of artillery. Mass amounts of machine gun fire far outweighed the 19th century musket, and tanks as well as grenades and other bombs were used in exorbitant amounts, more so than any other war had been witness. Explosives alone amounted to a great majority of the death percentage reported at the end of the war. Also, During the war, the [Haber process] of nitrogen fixation was employed to provide the German forces with a continuing suppl y of powder for the ongoing conflict in the face of Brittish naval control over the trade routes for naturally occurring nitrates (Solar Navigator). Chemical warfare, such as the use of mustard gas, tear gas, etc. was highly used in the trenches and accounted for the disabling of soldiers and their eventual demise from artillery, or phosgene gas used to directly kill an opponent. Of these wars it is apparent that the death rate among civilians was greatest in World War Two, but the military advances in technology and trench warfares gruesome military death rate was overpowering. The advances in technology during World War One were more prominent because the military was still using tactics of a previous century while incorporating technology that was far more advanced than either side was prepared. While World War One saw the sights of tanks, machine guns, and gas, World War Two had more civilians die due to genocide, hunger, and homelessness. World War Two also saw the beginnings of germ warfare; although war in itself is barbaric, it is with civilian deaths, those who did not make a choice to go to war that this barbarism is truly portrayed. Work Cited Burleigh, Michael. The Third Reich: A New History. Hill and Wang, New York, 2000. Caplan, Jane & Thomas Childers. Reevaluating the Third Reich.Holmes and Meier, 1993. Cosner, Shaaron & Victoria Cosner. Women Under the Third Reich Greenwood Press, 1998. Mosse, George L. Two World Wars and the Myth of the War Experience. Journal of Contemporary History. Vol. 23, No. 1. pp.491-513. Oct. 1986. Speer, Albert. Inside the Third Reich: Memoirs.Trans. Richard and Clara Winston. The MacMillan Company, New York, 1970. Streib, Gordon F. Idealism and War Bonds: Comparative Study of the Two World Wars. The Public Opinion Quarterly. Vol. 12, No. 2. pp.272-279. 1948.

Free Essays on Injustice

Injustice is a problem which everyone faces. Nobody likes to suffer from injustice, yet they do it to others. In the novel, " To Kill A Mockingbird " written by Harper Lee, there are three characters who suffer the most injustice. They are Atticus, Tom Robinson and Boo Radley. Atticus, a man with great wisdom, suffers from the fact that he had taken on a Negro case. He was constantly persecuted for his decision, which made him work even harder at winning the case. Even though his family was made fun of, he stuck with his choice and worked the hardest he could to ignore the threats and harassment. He did very well to ignore all the abuse and was greatly respected after the trial was over. Another person who suffered from injustice was Tom Robinson. He was charged with a crime he did not commit. His side of the story was not believed because he was black, which really shows the amount of injustice during the time the novel was set in. Through the whole trial, he did not retaliate at the white people, he did not get mad because he was improperly accused, he just showed the level of respect which everyone deserves. He handled the injustice with a manner reserved only for gentlemen, which is a good description of what he really was. The third person to suffer injustice in the novel was Boo Radley. Many accusations were claimed about him even though they were untrue. Just because he didn't leave his house, people began to think something was wrong. Boo was a man who was misunderstood and shouldn't of suffered any injustice. Boo did not handle the injustice because he didn't know about it. In conclusion, the person who deserves the deepest sympathy is Tom Robinson. He did nothing wrong but his crime was being nice to white people. This type of injustice is the worst because everyone puts up with it. Therefore, Atticus, Tom Robinson and Boo Radley suffered the most injustice in the novel.... Free Essays on Injustice Free Essays on Injustice Martin Luther King Jr. is a famous minister from the south who fought an endless battle with the government for nothing more than equal rights of blacks. He was known for his non-violent approach when seeking equality. His non-violent approach consisted of four steps: collection of the facts to determine whether injustices were alive, negotiation, self-purification, and direct action. In 1963 he was arrested for trying to foster equal rights in Birmingham, Alabama. In his process of seeking equal rights, he used his non-violent approach in hope of ending all segregation and disrespect towards blacks. He carried out his mission by holding boycotts, sit-ins, and other demonstrations. Before King was able to carry out his direct-action campaign, he had to collect the facts, which is the first step of his non-violent approach. Although, it was not long before King had his information. Being a minister in Atlanta, Georgia King was a member and President of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, who had many affiliations with other churches including the one in Birmingham. King believed that, â€Å"Whatever effects one directly affects all indirectly.† (p. 840). This was King’s reason for being involved in the protests. He felt like he was left with no choice, Birmingham was one of the most thoroughly segregated cities in the United States, and had a great amount of police brutality. It also was known for the mistreatment of African Americans, or Negroes in the court system. This was all the information King needed to continue his approach toward seeking equality. The next step in the non-violent approach was negotiation. King made many attempts to negotiate with officials and prevent a lot, if not all of the demonstrations planned. He talked with leaders of the economic community for many hours. At the end of their meeting, they agreed that all of the racial and segregating signs would be taken down. This made King... Free Essays on Injustice Injustice is a problem which everyone faces. Nobody likes to suffer from injustice, yet they do it to others. In the novel, " To Kill A Mockingbird " written by Harper Lee, there are three characters who suffer the most injustice. They are Atticus, Tom Robinson and Boo Radley. Atticus, a man with great wisdom, suffers from the fact that he had taken on a Negro case. He was constantly persecuted for his decision, which made him work even harder at winning the case. Even though his family was made fun of, he stuck with his choice and worked the hardest he could to ignore the threats and harassment. He did very well to ignore all the abuse and was greatly respected after the trial was over. Another person who suffered from injustice was Tom Robinson. He was charged with a crime he did not commit. His side of the story was not believed because he was black, which really shows the amount of injustice during the time the novel was set in. Through the whole trial, he did not retaliate at the white people, he did not get mad because he was improperly accused, he just showed the level of respect which everyone deserves. He handled the injustice with a manner reserved only for gentlemen, which is a good description of what he really was. The third person to suffer injustice in the novel was Boo Radley. Many accusations were claimed about him even though they were untrue. Just because he didn't leave his house, people began to think something was wrong. Boo was a man who was misunderstood and shouldn't of suffered any injustice. Boo did not handle the injustice because he didn't know about it. In conclusion, the person who deserves the deepest sympathy is Tom Robinson. He did nothing wrong but his crime was being nice to white people. This type of injustice is the worst because everyone puts up with it. Therefore, Atticus, Tom Robinson and Boo Radley suffered the most injustice in the novel....

Case study in franchising store Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Case study in franchising store - Essay Example Franchising is supposed to be the best option for expansion and revenue generation as it offers sustainable growth oriented business models without any cost incurred by the organisation. However, for the franchisee, it is very important to ensure that the brand image of the franchisor is retained and further developed. Such concern often raises conflicts between the two parties. This paper will attempt to analyse issues related to franchising based on the case study of a franchising company. For this purpose, an organisation with franchising business model will be selected and its franchising related issues will be figured out. At first, a brief history of the organisation will be discussed to understand its business franchising model. Next, the issues underlying the franchising operations will be pointed out. For analysis and evaluation purpose, relevant data obtaining method will be discussed. Finally, the paper will conclude with some recommendations based on the analysis of the indentified issues. For this project, the McDonald’s franchising business has been selected for case study. McDonald is a leading fast food retailer in the global fast food retail sector. It is operating in around 117 countries with nearly 32,000 local restaurants (McDonalds-a, 2010). In 1940, Dick and Mac McDonald opened a restaurant called ‘McDonald’s Bar-B-Que’ in California and later in 1948 it was named as McDonald’s. For the last 70 years, the giant food retailer has been operating its fast food business quite successfully (McDonalds-b, 2010). Satisfactory food quality and efficient services of McDonald has made it a brand image in the fast food service sector. For expansion purpose, the company had adapted franchising strategy in 1955 and at present, around 75% of its total restaurants are operated by independent franchisees. Currently,

Innate Intelligence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Innate Intelligence - Essay Example Evaluating intellectual, logical, analytical and rational skills and capacities, the IQ measurement and scoring paradigm was perceived of by society as the definitional competence measurement methodology and the predictor of performance and success potentialities. Those who scored high on the IQ measurement were assumed to possess the requirements for success and leadership. This assumption, predicated on belief in the scientific accuracy and comprehensiveness of the IQ test and measurement, sustained the usage of IQ measurements for several decades. Perceptions regarding IQ as the ultimate, and most comprehensive, measurement of intelligence and as the predictor of success and leadership potentiality began to wanes, consequent to the intervention of psychologists and psychological research. The arguments raised maintained that while IQ could function as a partial predictor of success, it was hardly a predictor for leadership potentiality or, for that matter, long-term sustainable success. Long term, sustainable success and leadership potentiality were determined by the possession of the "ability to tune into the world, to read situations and connect with others while taking charge of their own life". Emotional intelligence has been popularly portrayed as critical to human success and sometimes even more important than IQ (D. Goleman, 1995), yet sparse evidence exists supporting such a claim. A considerable amount of research has been conducted on the construct of intelligence during this century, but especially during the past 50 years. The examination of specific abilities that extend beyond the concept of general undifferentiated intelligence has been especially important. In the 1960s, in particular, a growing number of cognitive theorists studied neuropsychology, neuroscience, and higher mental processes. These efforts, described as the cognitive revolution (Miller, Galanter & Pribram, 1960), had a substantial influence on theoretical psychology and more recently in applied psychology. The cognitive revolution has impacted the way intelligence is conceptualized and measured. Spearman (1904), who invented the technique of factor analysis and applied it to the measurement of intelligence, defined intelligence in terms of the over arching construct of "ease or rapidity of problem-solving ability." More specifically, according to Spearman, an intelligent person apprehends experience (i.e., recognizes and understands the various elements that constitute a given situation), understands the salient interrelations among elements of the situation, and has the capacity to extrapolate those interrelations to new and unfamiliar situations. Spearman's (1904) factor analytic data suggested that various measures of intelligence loaded on a single factor, labeled Intelligence. Thurstone (1938) proposed seven reasonably distinct primary mental abilities (verbal comprehension or understanding word meanings; facility with numbers; perceptual speed or ability to rapidly discriminate between complex visual presentations; word fluency or rapid and flexible usage of words, such as making rhymes or

Film review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Film review - Essay Example Special treatment comparable with the best humanitarian attitude was noticed from the actions of Stephanie LaFarge and Laura Ann Petitio towards Nim. Once even Stephanie LaFarge decided to breastfeed Nim as she did to her other human children. To my mind, this step evidences that Nim was delivered the most favorable treatment than one can imagine. Stephanie had been brought Nim up for approximately 18 months. As ordinary human children, Nim also was wearing nappies, became sometimes vulnerable and needed to be fed. Nevertheless, he was treated as a human baby. The author finds interesting the experience used by one of Nim’s teacher – Joyce Butter. If Nim misbehaved, Joyce bitted his ear. And this kind of treatment helped people connected with Nim to be successful with him. Upon this behavior, Nim knew his place and understood that this person was more powerful that he was. At the same time, Nim respected people who bitted him. And if one let the weakness to be shown, Nim noticed it and at his earliest convenience exploited that. Despite the favorable treatment towards Nim described above, I would like to note some situations that shocks me a lot during the whole documentary. Nim likes to smoke pot and drink beer. I kindly understand that experiment provides that subject should be taught with the majority of skills; however drinking beer is not useful one. Simultaneously, to teach Nim with sign language, Dr. Terrace organized sessions during which graduate students taught Nim signs in a windowless room at Columbia University. From author’s point of view, this behavior should not take place at any case. Nim, as a living creature, shall has right for the proper attitude and duties towards him in form of responsibility. The author asserts that people involved in the experiment were responsible before Nim on what the primate received and what he

Human Resourcing Planning in Global Brand

Human Resourcing Planning in Global Brand Introduction The report on Human Resource Planning focuses on the HR plan followed by one of the leaders in global IT services, the Wipro.The Company has booked itself a decent position in the niche market category of consumer goods, business process outsourcing services, product engineering services and illuminating solutions. The report tries to analyze the importance of a well structured human resource planning system in a multinational company like the Wipro.The need for a carefully constructed legal and organizational framework for the employment of staff, and the need for a very effective grievances system has been closely studied in this report. A sincere attempt has been put in to identify and understand the detailed recruitment process of staff. Wipro provides an ideal platform for organizations seeking IT solutions because of its strong human resources, superior performances and sincere commitment towards quality ensurement.It provides business and technology consultations services to a number of organizations worldwide. About the company Wipro stands for Western India vegetable Products ltd.It began its operations in 1945 as a vegetable oil manufacturer in Amalner,India.The company has its equity shares listed in India(both in National Stock Exchange and Bombay Stock Exchange)and also in US(New York stock exchange) . Wipro has its services spread over wide horizon of activities. Some of which are manufacturing, media, healthcare, telecom, transportation, aerospace, automotive, communication, energy, pharmaceuticals, financial and banking services, insurance, and technology. It has over 800 plus clients and about one lakh associates from 70 different nations. It maintains more than seventy two outlets and employs ninety six thousand people over fifty five nations. Wipro is the third largest R D service provider in the world. It keeps track of all the latest developments in the technological field. It believes that such latest technological innovations has an important bearing on the competitive strength of the concern.Wipro can be termed as a leading vendor of enterprise technology. It is because of its strong brand power that Wipro is now able to reach new heights. Need Importance of Human resource planning The term human resource embraces the entire workforce in an organization form the top level to the bottom level. Human resources are considered to be the most important asset of an organization. The success of every organization depends on the efficiency of its manpower. The increasing global competition, rising customer demands, shortage of skilled and able workers has all contributed towards increasing the relevance of human resources in this era (Webb, 1989). The HR department of every organization should learn how to manage the employee performances effectively. Human resources are the power house of any organization and it is very much essential to nurture them through proper planning and management. The problem is how to utilize and manage these resources to deliver maximum results. Human resource planning is an effective technique of empowering the people with competitive skills required for business management. It is a systematic process through which the need and availability of human resources for accomplishing the organizations strategic objectives are identified and assessed (Mathis Jackson, 2007). HR planning is concerned with determining whether the organization contains the right number of employees, with right skills and competencies in the right place at the right time. The HR plan should contain a detailed study of the skills, talents, knowledge, competency, experience and creativity of its employees. This informations forms the basis for taking optimum career decisions like promotions, de-promotions, dismissals and transfers. Apart from studying the capabilities of its own employees HR plan also assesses the external environment for meeting the labor supply requirements of the organization. It involves forecasting of future manpower requirements of the company and making necessary moves to fill in the vacancies. The HR strategies must be in consistent with the organizational objectives. In any organization it is essential to link the human resource plans with its business strategies and objectives (Rothwell Kazanas, 2003). The HR plans have great impact on the strategic plans of the company. The aim of HR practitioners is to coordinate and align their efforts with the strategic planners. The business objectives can be closely related with the HR objectives as HR is an important part of the organization. Easy attainment of goals is possible only though combined human effort. HRP at Wipro HRP tries to highlight the means through which people are appointed and developed to increase the organizations efficiency (Armstrong 2006).HR plans estimates the number and kind of employees that an organization would require to perform its jobs efficiently and effectively. Following are the important HRP goals in Wipro: Determining the future staffing needs . Accepting and adopting the changes in the internal and external environment. Optimum and efficient utilization of existing workforce. Systematic procedure for advancement of employees. The figure given below shows the HR planning process followed in Wipro Estimating manpower Required Recruitment process Development and training of Selected candidate Promotions and transfers Fixing of payment scale Here the HR planning system is broken down into different phases and arranged in the hierarchical order. Recruitment process Recruitment is the process of inviting applications from suitable candidates and selecting the best candidate from amongst them. The aim of recruitment is to create a pool of applications (Aswathappa 2005).It involves searching various sources to find suitable candidates and persuading them to apply for the jobs. Recruiting is the term applied to the phase of personal management that involves reaching out and attracting a supply of people from which to select qualified candidates for job vacancies. An effort is made to attract potential employees with the necessary characteristics for the jobs available (Megginson, 1981) So recruitment means to finding and encouraging prospective applicants to fill up the vacancies in the organization. Recruitment can be made within the organization or from external environment. There are two sources for recruitment: The external source and the internal source. The internal recruitment can be done through promotions, transfers, employee recommendations and references. Whereas the external means for recruitment includes advertisement, campus recruitments, employment exchanges and agencies. In wipro the recruitment process follows three important stages. They are:- Stage I Written test, Stage II- Personal interview, (Stage II consist of two parts) (i)Interview to test the technical skills (ii) Interview to test the HR knowledge. Stage III Placements Stage I Written test Here the applicants shall be required to undergo a written test. It shall include questions to test the aptitude of the candidates. Sometimes the applicants might have to face verbal questions too. Stage II Personal interview Technical interview comes first in stage II. Technical interview is conducted to assess thee basic technical knowledge. The elimination process starts from here. The applicants shall be selected to the next stage on the basis of the performance. The next is the HR interview. Here the interviewers shall include some general questions like asking the candidates to give a self assessment, asking about their ambitions, family background, their knowledge regarding the company etc. A group discussion may also be conducted to assess the communication skills and vocabulary of the candidates. The filtering process shall be completely depending on the individual performance of the candidates in the above stages. The final stage is the placement of employees. Placement implies accepting the selected candidate and placing him in the post for which he has been appointed. It is concerned with matching the selected candidates with the jobs. Once a candidate clears all the stages the Manager (HR) shall provide him with the employee code number. He/she has to agree upon the terms and conditions of appointment and shall submit their joining letter. After recruitment the newly elected candidate must have to undergo compulsory training, to make them well equipped and familiar with the organization. The talent transformation department of Wipro takes care for this. The following illustration shows in detail the recruitment process followed in Wipro:- Recruitment process Written test Technical Interview HR Interview Placement Personal Interview Measures taken by the company to promote employee welfare Wipro considers its human resource as one of their most priced asset and hence has taken every precaution to make sure that they retain their employees and strengthen their commitment. It has launched various welfare measures for its employees. Such as educational facility for their children, medical reimbursement, housing finance, recreational facilities, insurance policies and canteen facilities. Among these, promotional opportunities play a very important role in making employees happy. Promotion means advancement from the current post to a higher post. Promotions offer better status and payment to the employees in the concern. Opportunities for advancement shall be based on the performance of the employees. Understanding grievances of employees A well structured grievance system is essential for effective identification and redressal of employee grievance. Such an efficient grievance system is a must for ensuring employee satisfaction and better labor relationship (Durai, 2010).It is a prerequisite for every organization to ensure quality employee performance. According to Wagen (2007) a grievance process should consider the following aspects: The process must be duly agreed by everyone in the company. The process must be communicated in English. The procedure followed for filing the complaint must be unambiguous. An objective approach must be followed while dealing with the complainants. Confidentiality must be followed wherever it is necessary. The entire process must be clearly documented. The grievance procedure to be followed is stated below (Selwyn 2006):- i. The employee shall specify his grievance or complaint (in writing) and a copy of the sane shall be forwarded to his employer. ii. The employer shall call upon the employee to attend the meeting where the matter is going to be discussed. The employee has to ensure his attendance. Once the meeting concludes the employer shall inform the employee about his decision with regard to the grievance. The employer must inform the employee his right to make an appeal if he is not satisfied with the judgment. iii. The employee should communicate his intention of making an appeal to his employer. Accordingly the employer shall again call a meeting to discuss on this matter. The employee should take every effort to ensure his attendance. After the hearing the employer shall convey his final decision to the employee. Wipro maintains a very effective grievance system. The grievance process followed by the company contains all the necessary ingredients as discussed above. By following such a system the company is able to easily resolve employee conflict and maintain a peaceful environment. Disciplinary process in the company Discipline is an indispensable factor in human resource planning in a large organization like Wipro.Discipline ensures strict adherence to the procedures, plans and rules of the company. Absence of discipline can bring utter chaos and confusion within the organization.Wipro follows a strict and fair disciplinary system. Following are the important questions raised during the disciplinary procedure of the company: What acts of offence, violation, misconduct have been done by the individual? Did such act amount to breach of code of conduct? The impact of the offence. Is the offence in anyway related to the job performance of the employee? In case of minor offences the employees shall be given warnings or memos. But if such act of offence has affected the company in a grave manner the employee shall be dismissed immediately. Acts of deceit, willful suppression or destruction of important information, willfull negligence of duty, causing personal injury or accidents shall invite dismissal with immediate effect. The dismissal procedure includes: 1. Issuance of sufficient show cause notices 2. Providing an optimum opportunity to be heard 3. Ensuring the presence of the individual during the hearing 4. Permitting the employee to present witnesses 5. Hearing of the witness account 6. Recording of all the procedures and decisions taken in the meeting by the officer in charge 7. Announcement of the decision It should be noted that the presiding officer be impartial and fair in his decisions. IMPORTANCE OF EMPLOYEE WELFARE ORGANISATION What is ACAS? ACAS means Advisory Conciliation and Arbitration Service. It was established in the year 1975 under the Employment Protection Act. The purpose of ACAS is to ensure better working life and improve the labor relations. ACAS is directed towards solving of employee problems and raising their standard of performance by conducting quality education and training programs for them. ACAS plays three important roles in improving the employee relations (Currie 1997).They are:- 1. Advisory role: ACAS can be viewed as an advisory body as it offers advisory and consultation services to the organization and employees who feel that they have been overlooked or unfairly treated. Through the informations contained in the code of conduct issued by ACAS, it shows an organization the need to maintain a fair grievances and disciplinary system. Many organizations have adopted the principles of ACAS. 2. Role of Conciliation: Here ACAS tries to resolve employee conflicts before the issue reaches the hearing phase. The conciliation officer tries to guide and make both the parties understand the probable outcome of a tribunal. 3. Role of Arbitrator:-In common practice, the employee conflicts are solved within the organization. But the need for an arbitrator arises when the internal dialogues fail to settle the issue. Most of the organizations prefer ACAS to don the role of arbitrator. While acting under this role ACAS may appoint an arbitrator or even form an arbitration board. Such decisions shall be based on the complexity and relevance of the issue. ACAS codes and principles mainly stresses on the importance of maintaining discipline in the organization(Taylor, 2005).ACAS has set specific codes and procedures to be applied on the disciplinary system and dismissal process of the company. Following are the important points covered by the ACAS code in this respect:- Every company should maintain specific and systematic disciplinary procedures and these procedures must be kept with the company in the written form. The name and designation of the person authorized for taking disciplinary actions must be separately stated. The procedure must precisely state the grounds on which disciplinary actions shall be evoked against the defaulting employee or employer. The employee has to be informed about the complaint raised against him. And he should be provided with a reasonable opportunity of being heard. The company should have fair warning system. Proper warnings have to be raised whenever it is necessary .An opportunity must be given to the employees to correct their actions. Every employee has the right to appeal. The company should have a well structured complaint redressal committee before whom the employees shall appear. The employees have the right to representation. Any employee or member of the trade union can accompany the employee during the hearing. Hence ACAS plays a very important role in ensuring a fair and effective grievance and disciplinary system in an organization. Employment Tribunal The Employment tribunals were introduced in the year 1964 for the first time under the Industrial Training Act (Pettinger 1999). Employment tribunal is another important organization which plays a very important role in promoting employee welfare in the industry. They deal with safeguarding employee rights. The tribunal is empowered to give a fair trial to the employees who have been unfairly dismissed (Chandler, Waud 2003). If an employee is dismissed on the basis of any incorrect informations or if he has been denied the right to appeal then the employment tribunal (if the employee is able to prove his innocence) shall dismiss all the allegations against him. Person, persons or bodies like labor unions filing the case to the employment tribunal is termed applicants. And the other party (employer or the company) against whom the case has been filed is termed respondents. The applicants as well as the respondents have the right to present witnesses to their support. The tribunal may require each of the parties to produce necessary documents or evidences while conducting the trial. The decisions shall be taken on just and equitable basis. Two remedies are available to the employees who have been unfairly dismissed. One is to seek re-engagement and the other is to claim compensation. The employment tribunal has the power to issue orders for re-engagement and awarding compensation for the aggrieved employee. The tribunal has been setup to provide a platform for easy settlement of disputes between the employees and the employers (Pettinger 1999).In this manner employee tribunal tries to solve the grievance of employees in a very effective manner. It stresses on the fact that no employee shall be dismissed unless he has been given a reasonable opportunity to prove his innocence .The ultimate objective of the tribunal is to promote and protect employee welfare and rights through fair trials. Apart from the tribunal, the Trade Unions, welfare organizations formed by the employees themselves, government agencies set up under various statutes are in the continuous process of protecting the rights of employees and increasing their job satisfaction. They ensure that the employee grievances are met in a satisfactory manner and a fair and just disciplinary process is followed by the concern. SUMMARY The report on Human Resource Planning tries to highlight the importance of human resources and the need to effectively plan and manage the human resource in a large organization like the Wipro. Human resource planning is concerned with determining whether an organization has the right number of employees, in the right place at the right time. The report goes through the various phases of human resource plan followed by Wipro.The HRP goals of the organization have been clearly stated in the report. The various stages in the recruitment process of the company have been well explained with the support of a detailed illustration. The report also explains the importance of having a well planned and systematic grievance and disciplinary system in an organisation.The disciplinary process followed by the company has been studied in detail. The dismissal procedures have been clearly mentioned in the report. The report attempts to bring out the importance and impact of various employee welfare organizations like ACAS and the Employment tribunals. The principles and procedures specified by the ACAS and the tribunals must be considered while developing the grievance and disciplinary process. CONCLUSION On the basis of the report we arrive at the conclusion that Human Resource Planning is an indispensable part for any organization. An organization enjoys the following advantages of having a well built HR planning system. They are:- It helps in estimating future manpower requirements of the organization. Scarcity of employees An entity contains a number of jobs requiring highly specialized knowledge. And there is a shortage of skilled employees.HRp helps to identify such talents and ensures adequate supply of such talented employees thereby alleviating the problem of shortage in the organization. Trying to cope up with the changes With frequent changes and development in field of technology, market conditions etc, it demands more sophisticated operations. And an effective HRP tries to solve this problem by supplying the right person with right skills. Growth and development Employees leave the organization due to various reasons like death, retirement, dismissals, transfers etc, and it is necessary that these gaps have to be filled. Through proper HR planning such problems due to growth and development can be dealt effectively. It understands manpower requirements and takes suitable actions to supply the right kind of persons, considering the current business operations and future activities of the organization.

A Continuous Decline In India, Without Modernization :: essays research papers fc

A Continuous Decline in India, Without Modernization Hypothesis: Modernization is the Key to economic growth for India. If modernization occurs, then the economic status of India will increase tremendously, even if the price India has to pay is a change in culture, and tradition. India has remained financially stagnant since its beginnings. One may argue that non-modernization has plagued this sub-continent in economic growth and development since early times. One may continue to argue that if modernization occurs, India will achieve in many different ways, including economically, socially, and nationally. In order for modernization to occur, India must move from small scale industrialization to large scale industrialization. If this occurs India will become much more financially sound and achieve a higher status in the world. Modernization will bring many positive change to India, but people may argue that "modernization" will bring destruction to the Indian civilization. By bringing modernization, many jobs will be taken over by machines. Unfortunately, this process will result in the elimination of jobs done by local peasants. There are many additional prices India will have to pay to be able to modernize, including: (1) a loss of culture and tradition; (2) probable religious conflicts; (3) loss of caste; (4) social divisions; and, of course (5) TAXES. With modernization, taxes will definitely increase for India to pay for the new advances in industry and technology. Taxes are the primary means for any government to raise money and support its programs. However, the overall price that India will have to pay will be relatively small compared to the positive changes modernization will bring. When India became independent its leaders recognized the urgency of strengthening the Indian economy. The leaders of new India were determined to raise the standard of living, which was among the lowest of the major nations in the world. Indian leaders agreed to establish a "mixed economy," which combines the use of private capital and public in he development of industry, mining and farming. If modernization occurs there will be change from traditional order. The model of change assumes: (1) a sharp dichotomy between the traditional and modern order, including the order of mutual exclusiveness, and (2) the change from one to another is predicted in terms of a historically deterministic pattern, that is, it must take place in a certain predetermined sequence. If this happens, India will have a better economy and a higher standard of living. Through greater economic prosperity, India will also obtain better health care. Also industry will promote a better education system by encouraging students to study for more technical and professional jobs. Finally modernization will foster a better sense of nationalism, as future generations

Advantages and Disadvantages of Television Essay

In today modern world television is the most popular and recognized from of media and most homes in the western and developed worlds own one. That small (in some cases rather large) box sitting in your lounge is your connection to the outside world. It is an indispensable item and many of us cannot imagine life without it. As with everything there are advantages and disadvantages with the television. The main advantage is televisions ability to bring you news as it happens. A second advantage is the fact we are using more than one sense when viewing. The final advantage in this essay is the vast amount of information and documentaries available for viewing. However the first disadvantage is the amount of time spent watching television is often considered a waste of time. The second disadvantage is the fact that families may be in the same room but with the television on may not even acknowledge each other. The final disadvantage illustrated in this essay is that young children are of ten being exposed to sex scenes and scenes of violence. Read more: Television advantages and disadvantages essay Firstly, for many of us the television is our first or only source of news and current events. Most channels have news updates up to four times a day and current affairs programmes which take a deeper look at the news that has affected the world that day or week. Theses programmes are often family friendly and are sometimes the only form of media available or easy to understand for children or non-speakers of English. These news shows keep people up to date on the outside world it is possible to know everything that happened in a day without even going outside. However these news shows can try and monopolize people’s opinions and be a bias to one political party or one side of a war. Secondly, what many of us do not realise is that we use at least two senses to enjoy television. We use our eyes to watch the television screen and the visual on the screen. We also use our ears or hearing to listen to the dialogue and noises on the screen. Compared to other forms of media which usually involve only one sense e.g. the radio only requires the hearing sense and a book only requires sight. Even though the television lets us see and hear things it can cause eyesight problems and many people turn there televisions up which can cause hearing problems. The final advantage is the vast amount of educational programming available for viewing particularly on channels like the discovery channel and national geographic which can educate and stimulate people and wet every audience member’s appetite. It is also the fastest way to improve your knowledge and help you learn something completely new. Where else can you learn about Marylyn Monroe and Winston Churchill in the same afternoon? Many people who cannot afford university or night courses or simply just want a basic knowledge of one particular subject or event. Use documentaries to quench their thirst for learning. The first disadvantage is that many people do not realise how much time they spend watching television if you spend one hour a day watching television. That is 365 hours a year and 3607 hours in ten years. You can only imagine what you could do with that time, it is possible to learn a language or do a university course. Many value their television shows over exercise or physical activity which can lead to obesity and ‘couch potato’. Many people also feel the desire to watch a favourite television show every day or every week and neglect social commitments and therefore becoming anti-social. A second disadvantage is that many people neglect their families so they can watch television. A family may be in the same room but would not say a word to each other or acknowledge each other. Many families now also eat dinner in front of the television which means normal dinner table conversation is lost. Most large families also have multiple televisions so that each member can watch the programme they would like to watch this means that some families may spend less than an hour in each others company before going to bed. A final disadvantage of watching television is the violence and sex scenes that young children are often exposed too. Many of us find shows with crime or violence entertaining but these are not suitable for children of young ages. These scenes are practically common on crime dramas. Children may not intentionally be being exposed but by simply being in or near the same room as an older child or adult watching the programme. With children being exposed to these scenes it can corrupt there innocent minds leading them in some extreme cases become violent to other children. It can also lead to more permanent problems such as violence or evil thoughts well into adulthood. Fortunately this can be easily avoided or reversed by not allowing young children to view these programmes by placing them in a different room from the television or sending them to bed. In conclusion television is perhaps the world’s greatest invention though it is possible it will one day be replaced by something resembling a computer it is still indispensable devise that takes up our time to exercise or our family time it can also have scenes that corrupt young minds. As Winston Churchill once said ‘the best things are either immoral or bad for you’ television is best in moderation. So next time you’re bored don’t turn on the television go out and play some sport. in todays modern world. Television however has advantages and disadvantages as illustrated in this essay. It can be an educational, multi-sensory communication

Sodium Hydroxide essays

Sodium Hydroxide essays Sodium Hydroxide also known as Caustic Soda, lye, and sodium hydrate is a chemical with formula: NaOH. This substance is considered a very poisonous chemical. It is very dangerous and may be fatal if swallowed. It can cause burns to any area of contact. It reacts with water and acids. It has a moderate reactivity. If inhaled it may cause irritation and even serious damage to the upper respiratory tract. A few of its common symptoms are sneezing, sore throat, runny nose, and even pneumonitis. If swallowed it may cause burns of mouth, throat, and stomach. It can even cause death if you are in contact with it for an elongated period of time. Symptoms include bleeding, vomiting, diarrhea and fall in blood pressure. This chemical is a white substance, and has a texture like flakes. It is odorless and has a solubility of 111g/100 g of water. It has a specific gravity of 2.13. It has a boiling point of 1390C and a melting point of 318C. It is mainly used in producing rayon and other textile s, in making paper, in etching aluminum, and in making soaps and detergents. It is also used as a chemical and in the manufacture of other chemicals because it is not very expensive, it is used whenever a strong base is needed. In the year 1999 the Safety Commission's Approved Criteria for Classifying Hazardous substances. The manufacturer has the responsability to label the chemical appropiately. This substance is not considered carcinogeous. This chemical absorbs carbon dioxide and mointure from the air. It is not a combustible chemical and it is very dangerous to the environment, especially when water is present. Sodium Hydroxide is prepared industrially by the electrolysis of brine. ...

Printable Chemistry Quiz - Lab Safety Quiz

Printable Chemistry Quiz - Lab Safety Quiz You can take this printable chemistry quiz online or print it out to try later. This multiple choice test covers basic lab safety concepts. You may wish to review lab safety before you get started. You should pipette by mouth:(a) Always. Its a fast and efficient method of measuring liquids.(b) Only when you cant find a pipette bulb or think it might be dirty.(c) Only when you are sure your instructor, lab assistant, or co-worker isnt looking.(d) Never. And if you thought about answering yes to any other the other choices, should be expelled.When you are finished using a Bunsen burner you should:(a) Leave it on for the next person to use. Its the only considerate choice.(b) Cover the burner with an inverted beaker to suffocate the flame. It works well for candles, too.(c) Pull off the hose connecting the burner to the gas. The burner wont have gas, so it wont be on fire.(d) Turn off the gas. Duh!If you feel dizzy or sick while working near the fume hood you should:(a) Head out to grab a cola or a snack. Maybe its low blood sugar. Dont tell anyone - why bother them.(b) Meh, no big deal. Do nothing. Fume hoods always protect you from harmful chemicals. The sooner you get finished the sooner you can leave.(c) Report your symptoms to whoever is responsible for that fume hood. It might be nothing, but on the other hand, maybe the hood wasnt functioning properly and you were exposed to something. Look up the MSDS for whatever was in the hood, too. Leave the lab, after contacting the proper person. If you catch on fire you should:(a) Panic. Yelling FIRE at the top of your lungs to let others know about the danger is good. Be sure to run as quickly as possible to blow out the flame.(b) Water fixes everything. Head for the nearest safety shower and drown the flame.(c) Pull the fire alarm and look for help. Hope the fire doesnt burn you too badly before you can take some form of action.(d) Smother the flame. Those blankets in the lab are there for a reason. Some fire doesnt really care about water, but all flames need oxygen. Get help, too. You werent working alone in the lab though, right?Your glassware is clean enough to eat off of, which is why you poured yourself a refreshing glass of water into a beaker to quench your thirst. Too bad you didnt label it. You should:(a) Go on with your business. Are you saying there is some safety issue here? I scoff at you!(b) Just be really careful about keeping it separate from other beakers filled with clear liquid.Hydrochloric acid.. water .. there is a difference, but I can smell the acid before I drink it.(c) Label it before you forget which beaker it is. Youre sure there are no residual chemicals in the glassware and positive nothing could accidentally splash into your drink.(d) Look back to an earlier answer about how you should be slapped for stupidity. Food and drinks dont belong in the lab. Period. You really want to impress a certain person in your lab. You should:(a) Be sure to wear contacts, not glasses, and just be really careful about chemical fumes. Got long hair? Dont tie it back, flaunt it. Nice legs? Wear something short, with sandals to show off those toes. Also, impress him or her by doing something daring in the lab. Choose something involving fire.(b) Ditch the lab coat and goggles. Dress to impress. Theres no way the person can tell your fashion sense when you cover it with safety gear.(c) Hey.. lab coats are cool! Only ditch the goggles.(d) Impress him or her with how incredibly competent you are in the lab. That includes your ability to follow safe lab procedures.You are really curious about chemistry and chemical reactions. You wonder what would happen if you mixed chemicals in a different way or introduced something new into a procedure. You should:(a) Stomp that curiosity down. Chemists do what they are told. Nothing more, nothing less.(b) Run with it. Mix an d match chemicals to your hearts desire. Whats the worst that could happen? Explosion? You laugh. Toxic fumes? As if.(c) Get the Nobel prize for your brilliance. But first.. lets try things and see how they work. But as for the scientific method and making predictions? Thats for sissies.(d) Be applauded for your curiosity, imagination, and quest for innovation, but be very, very careful about altering procedures. If its a lab experiment for a grade, dont deviate from the procedure. Otherwise, make a prediction about what could happen based on your observations. Research possible reactions and consequences before playing mix-and-match in the lab. There is a container on the lab bench containing some unknown chemical. You should:(a) Dump it, wash the glassware. Some people are slobs.(b) Move it out of the way in case it is dangerous. Otherwise, not your problem.(c) Leave it. The rightful owner will claim it eventually.(d) Find your lab supervisor and ask what to do. If you are the lab supervisor, remove the container (noting its location), hunt down the offender, and try to get some idea what could be in the beaker so you know how to dispose of it.If you break a mercury thermometer, or otherwise spill mercury, you should:(a) Leave it for others to find. Accidents happen. Its pretty obvious it was mercury. No big deal.(b) Grab some paper towels, clean it up, and throw it away. Problem solved.(c) Clean it up, being sure to throw away the mercury-contaminated items where heavy metals go. Dont bother anyone about the spill though. What they dont know cant hurt them.(d) Leave it alone, but call your instructor or lab assistant over immediately to deal with the spill. Youre alone? Call whoever is responsible for lab accidents. Only clean up the spill if you have been trained to deal with mercury. Dont pretend like it didnt happen. You see someone in your lab engaged in an unsafe lab practice. You should:(a) Point and laugh. They will clue in and change their behavior from the humiliation.(b) Point and laugh and tell the person what an idiot he or she is being, and why the lab practice is unsafe.(c) Ignore them. Not your problem.(d) Nicely, politely point out the possible danger and how to avoid it. Youre non-confrontational? Find someone with more courage who can tactfully correct the problem. (Okay, maybe if its pipetting by mouth or thwacking the cap on an ether bottle with a screwdriver the second answer is worth considering.) Answers:1 d, 2 d, 3 c, 4 d, 5 d, 6 d, 7 d, 8 d, 9 d, 10 d This quiz is available in an online format that is scored automatically. Lab Safety Quiz Key Takeaways Know the location and proper operation of safety equipment.Follow proper procedures in the lab.If you see something, say something. Dont ignore safety issues.If an accident occurs, immediately report it.

Employment Law - Employment Discrimination Research Paper

Employment Law - Employment Discrimination - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the statement that employment discrimination is defined as the adoption of lesser ways of dealing with other employees or potential employees based on their demographic characteristics. In such instances, employees are treated based on their gender, race, age and even religion, thus affecting the chances of certain individuals from acquiring employment. Discrimination, though common in different parts of the world, is disastrous to the economy as potential employees with the ability to deliver are excluded from the market. In Saudi Arabia, gender employment discrimination is common and this has been attributed to the conservative religious culture in the country. The Islamic law and the social norms and traditions in the country have retracted economic progress in the country, a factor that is attributed to the disparity. According to a report released by the human rights watch, the level of gender discrimination at the workplace has significantly increa sed in Saudi Arabia. This, the report attributes to the various employment requirements that have been put in place in the country based on the sharia laws. The belief expressed by this report that gender discrimination has increased in Saudi Arabia does not put into account the traditional need to protect women in society, especially those in the workplace. As a result, for a woman to enter into an organization, she is placed under the supervision and leadership of a male supervisor.

Art History Course Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Art History Course - Assignment Example The study started with the in-depth analysis of the religions Islam, Christianity and Jewish relating them with the perceptions of East and West, referring to the texts by Jonathan Berkey, Maria Rosa Menocal, Nasser Rabbat, Jerilynn Dodds, Oleg Grabar, Rachel Milstein, William Tronzo, Annabel Jane Wharton and the likes. The referential books related to us the vibrant architectural and artifacts history of Islam, Christianity and other faiths; highlighting various central monuments and respective religious to political institutions and philosophical traditions based on economic networks, commodities and geographical stipulations. The chosen study areas based on geographical settings were the Levant where the age of the Crusades witness the Ayyubid metalwork and glassware elaborated by evident Christian iconography, in Asia Minor Armenian-Byzantine masons and artists working for Seljuk and Ottoman courts were observed, Egypt's religious and political learning delineate the Courtly Arts, representation of conduct and utilization and trade of Fatimid's. As the course progressed we were directed to Spain studying the Mudejar style synagogues and churches created by the Muslim masons and architects for Jewish and Christian patrons and the Iberian Peninsulas acknowledging the culture of Tolerance, the Golden Age of Judaism, the relation and conflicts among Christianity and Islam. The research work on regions such as Southern Italy, Norman Sicily where we interpreted a universal "language of luxury" that was intentionally created by ruling heads as well as the illustration on the tri-lingual artistic customs of the Norman, Islamic, and Byzantine civilizations. Greece cultivated in our minds the more elaborate architecture constitutions, the convoluted philosophical and religious interaction. Their individual sermons and preaching outlining the concept of their faith and believes were discussed in detail helping us to understand the encounters among such entities. These comprehensive readings enlighten the art history students on the subject of medieval Mediterranean era as the communal stage of artisans made richer by the interaction of the East and West, bearing in mind the socio-religious divergence among them all. Communication whether resultant of warfare or peaceful affability created that shared world of art and culture; the individualistic beliefs and skills can be manifested from each study. Thus regarding this, both the regions can be deemed as individually accomplished of structural design and rich customs. Class Critique: Keeping in view the purpose and high level design of the course, it comprised of a small group with classes held twice a week. This ensured that each theme based lecture and presentation helps the students to actually breathe in the medieval times of contrasting religions and beliefs. The lectures were conducted through related images and highly structured lectures on them. However I feel that printed handouts of the lectures or its important points would help students to understand the reading in a more efficient way. Each student was encouraged to conduct presentations and discussions

Carbon cycle and climate change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Carbon cycle and climate change - Essay Example Out of many other factors that cause global warming, one of the very important and significant factors is the increment of carbon dioxide gas (CO2) in the atmosphere. This paper basically includes the carbon cycle and the change in climate caused by this cycle. According to some statistics, the average annual concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) was around 20% higher in Hawaii in the year 2010 than it was in the year 1960, and the rate of increase in its concentration in the 21st century is doubled as compared to that in 1960. Though, the ozone hole is being recovered because of the atmospheric concentrations of CFC gases. Because of these factors the average global temperature has increased up to 0.80C in the last century and this rate is increasing up to a significant figure during this era. Other than that, the global sea level, which could be and has been a great cause of natural disasters has increase at about twice as faster between 1992 to 2010 as it was in 1950 to 2000, and the Greenland ice sheet melting is also increased up to 30% in the during the year 1980 to 2010. Now let us discus something about the carbon cycle. Carbon cycle is basically the cycling and recycling of carbon between the atmosphere, the earth’s surface, and the oceans. Other than that it is also the recycling of carbon in the lithosphere as well. Though, this take spans of time. The regulation of the earth’s temperature greatly depends upon this cycle. ... So for the years ahead, regarding the climate change, the concentration of carbon dioxide is of a great concern. Here the question again arises, that what are the major factors that affect this carbon cycle. One of the factors that I would really like to mention here is the arbitrarily induced variation in the carbon and climate. The global population is also a major factor of that. Human beings and all the other living creatures inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide (CO2). Thus the concentration of oxygen in the atmosphere is being reduced, and that of carbon dioxide (CO2) is increasing rapidly. The terrestrial and ocean ecosystem absorbing is even greater than half of the human carbon emissions. Let us deeply observe the connection of climate with the carbon cycle. Whenever some organic material is combusted, the products are always water and carbon dioxide gas. Nowadays the main sources of energy in the world are the fossil fuel, and the petroleum products, like petrol, diesel a nd the furnace oil. All of these things combine to result in the production of huge amount of carbon dioxide and reduction of oxygen gas when combusted in the vehicles, power houses and industries mainly. These main human activities thus result in increasing the overall temperature of the world, which is named as global warming. Basically the carbon cycle starts from these human activities, where they breath, and the fossils are burnt or combusted. Then this carbon dioxide is sent to the atmosphere, where the overall temperature is quite lower than the temperature on or near the surface of the earth. Here much of the carbon dioxide gas is absorbed, which

The Spanish Republic and the civil war 1931-1939 Essay Example for Free

The Spanish Republic and the civil war 1931-1939 Essay Tragically in 1939, after three years of bitter civil war and with the loss of around 750,000 Spanish lives, Spain fell to the rule of a Fascist dictatorship that was to last for almost four decades. The Spanish tragedy has been told and analysed by countless historians, and of these works Gabriel Jacksons The Spanish Republic and the Civil War 1931-1939 is widely referred to as the definitive liberal history of the Spanish Republic. Jackson begins with an outline of the nineteenth century monarchical and political upheavals that preceded the birth of the Spanish republic in 1931. From there, we are given a detailed account of events leading to Francos final victory in 1939 and finally a synopsis which attempts to address some of the criticisms that have been levelled at Jacksons depiction. One such criticism is that Jackson leaves a crucial part of the story untold, namely that of the struggle of workers and peasants against not just the nationalist forces, but too against the conditions of capitalism and semi-feudalism. One of Jacksons most ardent critics has been Noam Chomsky, who through his Objectivity and Liberal Scholarship has provided an excellent theoretical framework to enable a critical reading of Jackson, primarily in his depiction of events from 1936-1937. In this work Chomsky points to the subordination of liberal intelligencia, universities in particular, to the military- industrial complex, in this case the American State and big business. In other words, writers of ostensibly objective historical works become compromised by their social, economic and political ties to the prevailing ideology, leading them to interpret events with the notion in mind of the inevitability and desirability of bourgeois democracy. Alongside this, according to Zbigniew Brzezinski, the largely humanist-oriented, occasionally ideologically-minded intellectual-dissenter, who sees his role largely in terms of proffering social critiques, is rapidly being displaced either by experts and specialists, who become involved in special governmental undertakings, or by the generalists-integrators, who become in effect house-ideologies for those in power, providing overall intellectual integration for disparate actions.1 The search for objective truth then is subordinated in these instances to the subjectivity of the author/investigator and in the final instance we are given a partial and distorted view of historical events, as is the case with Jacksons work. The motivations and actions of those directly involved are written out of the story, and instead the logic of liberal scholarship gives precedence to the political leadership of the natural parties of government. As Chomsky points out, Jackson makes it abundantly clear that he is, in favour of liberal democracy, as represented by figures such as Azana, Casares Quiroga, Martinez Barrio, and other responsible national leaders. and, makes little attempt to disguise his antipathy towards the forces of popular revolution in Spain, or their goals. 2 Therefore, mass action is generally regarded as of secondary importance to the manoeuvrings of the Popular Front government, even when in practice it was often powerless. Further, when these masses threaten the natural order of capitalist production, by acts of collectivisation, expropriation, land seizure and abolition of money, they are described as, naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve, counterproductive, ill educated, fundamentally conservative and misled. Only when these masses follow the lead and policies of the natural elite does Jackson recognise and applaud mass contribution, and Jackson fails to recognise the crucial nature of the revolutionary/counterrevolutionary period from the summer of 1936 to 1937 in which, the revolution was largely spontaneous with mass participation of anarchist and socialist industrial and agricultural workers; the counterrevolution was under communist direction3 To partly summarise Chomskys criticisms, two examples of Jacksons subjective analysis of this period are, the role of the Communist Party in Spain and collectivisation in Catalonia. Under a Moscow directive, the PCE was founded in Spain with only 800 members in 1930. This number grew to around 20,000 in 1934 while the PCE had dropped its social fascist stance regarding other left groupings, to embrace all parties of the left under the Popular Front umbrella. Stalin had concluded that international fascismposed a threat after allHis answer was the adoption during 1934/35 of a Popular Front policy for resisting fascism.4 This membership grew to over 250,000 during the first eight months of the war, 40% of this number being made up the petit bourgeoisie. The PCE, again under orders from Moscow, embraced bourgeois democracy, their only task to defend the Republic, and revolutionary action by the masses was not on Stalins agenda. In responding to a plea from help from Spains Popular Front government, Stalin was perusing what he perceived to be in the foreign policy interest of the Soviet UnionWhat Soviet aidbegan to reach Spain in October 1936, was emphatically not intended to advance the cause of social revolution in Republican Spain.5 Jackson however claims, The interrupted movement toward world revolution, as well as the security of the Soviet Union, might well be advanced by a Republican victory in Spain.6 Chomsky rightly regards Jacksons view of The Soviet Union as a nation hungry to embrace world revolution as entirely mistaken, and indeed the Soviet Union of the 1930s had come a long way from the days of the storming of the Winter Palace in the November Revolution of 1917. Russia is a totalitarian regimethe frame of mind its leaders is cynical and opportunist. To expect such men to lead a social revolution in Spain, where the wildest idealism is combined with great independence of character, was out of the question.7 Political purges and show trials in the Soviet Union in 1934-36 had seen potential political opposition to Stalin brutally removed, many being accused, as was Leon Trotsky, of having been in league with Hitler. Russia was then a country with a revolutionary past, not a revolutionary present.8 Stalins main aim in 1936 was to ward off any threat from Hitlers Germany, by allying himself with Britain and France. Accordingly, a proletarian revolution in Spain could not be allowed to succeed, bringing as it would a threat of instability to ruling classes the world over, and a shift in the balance of European power. Communist policy as regards Spain then was one of subordinating their [PCE] national policies to the USSRs supposed international interests.9 In effect this meant the defence of all legitimate middle-class authority at the expense the grass root militancy that could have helped avert the tragic outcome to Spains civil war. As one communist student of the time, critical of such policy noted, But a more revolutionary course will only frighten the democracies, people said. What nonsense! The capitalist democracies were frightened enough already by what was happening in Spain. Stalin wont agree, said others. But was that the case? Would Stalin not have had to do what he did anyway and a lot more, perhaps if we had pursued a more revolutionary course? Could he afford to be seen betraying a proletarian revolution?10 The next bone of contention, is the account Jackson gives of collectivisation. In the initial process of collectivisation, Jackson berates unions in Valencia and Barcelona for abusing their sudden authority to place the sign incautado on all manner of buildings and vehicles.11 However, as Chomsky notes, this wording belies Jacksons ignorance towards the reality of the revolutionary situation. While Jackson recognises the occurrence of ..the most profound social revolution since the fifteenth century..12, it seems that he is not inclined to recognise the actions that are an integral part of such a profound social revolution. Later, Jackson claims that in 1936, the revolutionary tide began to ebb in Cataloniaaccumulating food and supply problems, and the experience of administering villages, frontier posts, and public utilities, had rapidly shown the anarchists the unexpected complexity of modern society.13 Chomsky on the other hand points to the attack led by the Communist Party to destroy the gains made by workers and peasants without the blessing of any legitimate government force. First win the war then make the revolution, was the slogan that epitomised the drive to subordinate the revolutionary aspirations of the masses to the will of the legitimate powers. Collectivisation brought order to the chaotic situation All the parties and organisations solemnly agreed to respect the letter and the spirit of the new law; but within three months the Republican parties were systematically obstructing it; and soon afterwards the communists were sabotaging it..14 and International capitalism was determined to do everything in its power to force the failure of the collectivised Catalan economy.15 Chomsky too challenges Jacksons attitude towards and analysis of war production and distribution in collectivised areas. For example, In Catalonia, the CNT factory committees dragged their heels on war production, claiming that the government deprived them of raw materials and was favouring the bourgeoisie,16 Firstly this is in stark contrast to Jacksons charitable attitude towards production methods in fascist controlled areas, and his fairly uncritical depiction of later communist methods which involved substantially restoring a free market in essential without any apparent benefits to the war effort. Secondly, as Chomsky notes, Jackson does not substantiate his statement with fact. These two criticisms perhaps point to another instance where Jackson noticeably favours traditional capitalist production against that of the collective. In any case, evidence points to the fact that while conditions were favourable, with access to raw materials for example, collective production rivalled that elsewhere in Spain. The war industry in Catalonia had produced ten times more than the rest of Spanish industry put together and .this output could have been quadrupled as from beginning of September if Catalonia had had access to the necessary raw materials that were unobtainable in Spanish territory.17 Further, it is evident that the central government denied much needed financial assistance because of its lack of sympathy with, rather hostility towards collectivisation. Only in exchange for government control would they give financial assistance.18 Whatever accusations may be levelled at the running of the collectives, at least two points must be remembered. Firstly, in many instances, collectivisation came as the result of a huge surge from below, The revolution was like a dog shaking itself when it comes out of the water the Spanish people shaking itself free of 400 years injustice. There was nothing we militants could do but go ahead or shoot ourselves.19 Secondly, against overwhelming odds, the Catalan working class kept collectivised production going for thirty months of war.20 In conclusion, this paper has only managed to briefly capture Chomskys detailed criticism of Jackson, and to follow on from Chomsky is no easy task given his coherent, thoroughly researched critique. Chomsky highlights Jacksons apparent lack of understanding of the true nature of revolutionary struggle, which leads him to mistakenly identify the 1930s Soviet Union as a revolutionary force and to disparage the actions of mass movements lacking conventional political leadership. The first mistaken belief is, as Chomsky points out, entirely in keeping with the American Cold War mythology that has invented an international Communist conspiracy directed from Moscow to justify its own interventionist policies.21 The two beliefs together lead him to significantly underplay the destructive role played by Communist policy in Spain, which, while not wholly to blame for the Fascist victory, significantly dented the workers will to fight. Many theorists have argued that only a successful revolution could have ultimately beaten the fascists, and that an early arming of workers could have averted three years of carnage. However, We werent being armed because the Republican authorities were more frightened of the working class than off the military. (Francisco Cabrera, Communist Youth, Seville) Communist insistence on an exclusively Popular Front, petty bourgeois programme was disastrous, which ultimately undermined the fight against Fascism. The loss of the Civil War in Spain to the fascists was more than just a military defeat, as in the words of Ronald Fraser, For the objective was not only to castigate the defeated but to crush for all time working class militancy and the threat of socialist revolution, so that Spanish capitalism could prosper. Quotes 1 Chomsky, N, Objectivity and Liberal Scholarship, p30 2 Chomsky, p75 3 Chomsky, p81 4 Blinkhorn, Democracy and Civil War in Spain, p36 5 Blinkhorn, p36 6 Jackson, The Spanish Republic and the Civil War 1931-1939, p259 7 Chomsky, p84 8 Chomsky, p85 9 Fraser, Blood of Spain, p328 10 Fraser, p329 11 Jackson, p279 12 Jackson, p277 13 Jackson, p314 14 Fraser, p215 15 Fraser, p216 16 Jackson, p365 17 Chomsky, p89 18 Chomsky, p90 19 Fraser, p229 20 Fraser, p234 21 Chomsky, p86 Bibliography Jackson, G, 1965, The Spanish Republic and the Civil War 1931-1939, Princeton University Press Fraser, R, 1979, Blood of Spain, Penguin Blinkhorn, M, Democracy and Civil War in Spain Chomsky, N, Objectivity and Liberal Scholarship