Quantitative Research (Cluster and Regression Analysis) Essay

Quantitative Research (Cluster and Regression Analysis) - Essay Example In most of the marketing data sets like the one taken now for analysis none of these two conditions hold. Data were collected from the database provided by the chain store, the loyalty program of which were researched upon. In any supermarket store loyalty, the location of the store plays a major role as a determinant for the loyalty of the customer (Messinger & Narasimhan, 1997; Engel et al., 1995). In this study the location of the three stores chosen would definitely have affected the purchasing behavior of the customers. Hence the study becomes weak in its identification of the data source. Another weakness of the data has been observed in the varying proportion of the different categories of buying which will have an influence on the application of the cluster analysis technique. The study has not identified the total number of customers of the three stores and hence it would be difficult to comment on the randomness of the sample selected. A comparison of the total number of customers and the number constituting the sample size would have thrown some light on the comparability of the loyal customers between the customers who shopped generally during the period under study and the number of customers who opted to use the loyalty program. Basis for Collection of Information - Clustering Variables The collection of information and clustering considering the percentage of total share of wallet within product categories instead of taking into account the total purchases would have been a much better presentation of data under the research method of clustering analysis. The variables selected are far too general to form an opinion on the customer loyalty. The clustering lacks seriously because of the massiveness of data considered under the general clustering variables. For sure these clustering variables would have been subjected to behavioral benchmarking. It would be interesting to recall the behavioral factors like shopping frequency, tolerance of price increase etc. (Lacey, 2003) Validation of the Clusters The study has used the numerical taxonomy process to group the members into segments (Bunn, 1993; McKelvey, 1975; Punj and Stewart, 1983) However no clarity appears to be in sight in determining the range of potential market structures. Initially the number of groups ranged from two to eleven. Although the study has used the appropriate testing and analysis methods like scree testing, discriminant analysis and regression analysis to arrive at a particular number of groups as cluster groups, there is the lack of a scientific variation among the different groups evolved for study. There are possibilities that a slight change in the scaling would have vitiated the results especially in the middle range groups. This may be either due to problems of scaling as observed by Long (1997) or due to large volume of data analysed. According to Long (1997) "Scaling is a common cause of problems when numerical or interdependence methods are utilized, with the ratio between the largest standard deviation and the smallest standard deviation considered heuristically predictive of the likelihood and size of

Preschool pros and cons Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Preschool pros and cons - Research Paper Example The supporters of preschool education are of the view that preschool education has an integral role in children’s learning and development. They could find out certain other features that are truly helping the children to expand their learning experience. But many others strongly disagree with the prospect of preschools and remark that they are nothing more than glorified babysitters that cannot provide individual attention to each child. This paper explores the pros and cons of the preschools and identifies that preschools have an elite role in molding the character and behavior of students and they are essential for preparing them for elementary school. Preschools have certain good qualities that really help the children to be confident, enthusiastic and eager learners. Preschools provide students the opportunity to do as many things by themselves. This independent learning will increase their confidence to put on their dress themselves or keeping or arranging their toys as they wish. Preschools let the children to have their own preferences than prescribing things for them. Encouraging children to engage in games with their friends, relatives and others will also have the same effect. Preschools help the children to get acquainted with friends and family and they are taken to the new realm of education as well as knowledge. The combined endeavor of the parents and the teachers can ensure the all-round development of the children. Laurie Edwards in the article, ‘Building Self-Esteem in Preschool’ makes an assessment about the role of preschools in creating self esteem among the children. The author also agrees with the fact that â€Å"self-esteem begins in infancy, and by the time they reach the preschool years children already have the foundation for their self-esteem. However, parents and preschool teachers can do many things to build on that base so that your child retains a sense of self-esteem throughout his growth

Sports Ethics Essay -- Athletics Sports Ethics Drug Abuse Essays

Sports Ethics Vince Lombardi, most likely the best coach to ever lead a team to victory or multiple ones on a football field. His ethics sometimes questionable, but never misunderstood, were always meant to lead and encourage his team to be nothing but the best, and the best was achieved in 1967. After nine incredible winning seasons with the Green Bay Packers, Lombardi decided to retire as head coach. The Packers had dominated professional football under his direction, collecting six division titles, five NFL championships, two Super Bowls and acquiring a record of 98-30-4. After less than a year, however, he realized that he still wanted to coach. He accepted the head coaching position for the Washington Redskins in 1969. During that season, he kept what had become the Lombardi tradition and led the Redskins to their first winning record in 14 years. In January of 1970, his professional coaching record stood at a remarkable 105-35-6, and the NFL named him their acclaimed "1960s Man of the Decad e."   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  His statement that â€Å"winning is the only thing that matters in sport†, is one of the truths that is still inherent in today’s world of sports. Athletes are willing to cheat to guarantee success, either through the use of performance-enhancing drugs, or through the act of injuring others. These days, drugs, blood doping, corruption, injuring others and the consequences of winning and more importantly losing is all evident. Lombardi’s statement is not only applicable to athletes, but it also applies to the countries that the athletes are representing. Events such as the Olympics and the World Cup of Hockey, are a source of national pride and some countries are willing, and fully wanting to try and do anything to bring prestige back, many of them resorting to unethical tactics. Lombardi’s statement does not only affect players, or athletes, it also affects coaches, owners, and managers. They too place winning as their number one concer n. In many cases, fair play generally takes a back seat to the desire for winning. The truth of the matter is that, some will bend rules, while others will outright cheat. The corruptness of sports today has lead to the endless methods and desires of unethical behaviour.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the history of ethics there are three principal standards of conduct, each of which has been proposed as the highest good: happiness or pleasure; du... ...n the world of sports today. Although many people put a huge influence on winning, many if not more put more of an influence on losing, or trying not to. Winning is not a sometime thing; it's an all the time thing. You don't win once in a while; you don't do things right once in a while; you do them right all the time. Winning is a habit. Unfortunately, so is losing –Vince Lombardi –. Works Cited 1. A September to Remember. 7 Apr. 2001 . 2. Beckham, Darren. Blood Doping: Is It Really Worth It? 25 Apr. 2001 . 3. Jennings, Andrew. The New Lords of the Rings. Toronto: Pocket Books, 1996. 4. Lajis, Razak Haji. The History Of Drug Abuse In Sports. 14 Apr. 2001 . 5. Microsoft Encarta (http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761555614&pn=1&s=1#s1). 6. Simon, Robert L. Fair Play Sports, Values, & Society. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1991. 7. Stoll, Sharon Kay. Who Says This is Cheating. Dubuque: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, 1993. 8. Ten Controversial Olympic Moments. 15 Apr. 2001 . 9. Vince Lombardi Homepage http://www.vincelombardi.com/bio.html 10. Washington Post. The Tonya Harding Nancy Kerrigan Saga. 12 Apr. 2001 .

Havisham and Anne Hathaway Poem Comparison Essay

The poems ‘Havisham’ and ‘Anne Hathaway’ by Carol Ann Duffy both portray two women thinking about men; however they have very opposite emotions. The speaker in ‘Havisham’ feels a mix of emotions but mainly bitter hatred and violence towards the man who left her at the altar. Anne Hathaway, however, thinks very fondly of Shakespeare in the second poem. Both poems involve strong emotions and the use of the first person in each helps to make the emotions seem more personal and immediate. The first three words of ‘Havisham’ are â€Å"beloved sweetheart bastard†, this oxymoron shows the speaker’s contrasting emotions towards her lover; she used to love him but now hates him for leaving her. The speaker in ‘Anne Hathaway’ however, describes Shakespeare as â€Å"My living laughing love†, she has affectionate memories of him and even though he is dead she talks as if he were alive. The speaker in ‘Havisham’ has been completely consumed by her hatred. She says there is â€Å"not a day since then/I haven’t wished him dead†. She is unable to stop thinking about him; she can neither forgive nor forget him. It seems that Anne Hathaway, too, often thinks about her loved one. She, however, remembers him in the context of â€Å"the bed we loved in† and remembers how blissful and contented she felt with him in that bed. Anne Hathaway uses vivid imagery to describe Shakespeare and their bed. The speaker describes their bed as â€Å"a spinning world/of forests, castles, torchlight, clifftops, seas†. It is as if when she is in bed with Shakespeare she is in one of his plays, in some exotic location or enchanted, magical world. Imagery is also used to describe the effects that the intense anger has had on Miss Havisham. When she looks in the mirror she says: â€Å"Her, myself, who did this to me? † This shows that her appearance seems unfamiliar to her and she is shocked by her transformation. She now has â€Å"dark green pebbles for eyes†, this suggests she is stony and dead inside, unable to feel love because of the pain she has suffered. She also now has â€Å"ropes on the back of my hands I could strangle with†; by saying this it shows not just how she has physically changed but also shows her murderous thoughts. Both â€Å"Havisham† and â€Å"Anne Hathaway† involve beds. In â€Å"Anne Hathaway†, Anne and Shakespeare’s bed is the stage for â€Å"romance and drama†, and while in bed with him Anne feels like â€Å"he’d written me†, as if he has brought her into being. In their bed they are making poetry together, whilst in their best bed, guests are â€Å"dribbling†¦ prose†. Miss Havisham, however, is alone in her bed, it is devoid of romance. Instead her bed is saturated with grief and hatred as all she does is â€Å"stink and remember†, she is not making poetry in her bed, instead she spends â€Å"whole days/in bed cawing Nooooo at the wall†. In her bed she fantasises having her sweetheart’s â€Å"lost body† over her, and she imagines her â€Å"fluent tongue in its mouth†, this macabre image shows how underneath her anger Miss Havisham feels lonely. The structures used for the poems vary. ‘Anne Hathaway’ is written in the form of a sonnet. This form was often used by Shakespeare so it is fitting that the character of Anne Hathaway should use it too. In ‘Havisham’ the structure looks orderly with four lines in each verse but this contrasts with the content of the poem and doesn’t reflect Miss Havisham’s confusion. The characters in both of the poems are holding onto memories of their loved ones. Miss Havisham cannot stop thinking about the day her sweetheart left her. She has been unable to move on and she is even still wearing her â€Å"yellowing† wedding dress. Anne Hathaway says she is holding onto the precious memories of Shakespeare, â€Å"in the casket of my widow’s head†, this is an apt metaphor because a casket is where you put valuable items and she is therefore keeping her memories safe. Both poems vary in nature. â€Å"Anne Hathaway† is quite a sensual poem. â€Å"Havisham†, however is quite an angry and at times violent poem, for example in the final verse the speaker says: â€Å"I stabbed at a wedding-cake Give me a male corpse for a long slow honeymoon† Her stabbing shows her violent and maniacal behaviour, and when she says â€Å"male corpse† she is showing her underlying hatred of men and maliciousness towards them. ‘Havisham’ is a poem full of grief and regret while ‘Anne Hathaway’ is a celebration of Anne Hathaway and Shakespeare’s love. The women in both poems behave in very different manners and feel very differently towards their loved ones.

Description Of Performance Management System - 1801 Words

I interviewed Julie Holt, Principal of Monticello Elementary School (MES). MES has 16 teachers, and 247 kids grades K-6. The school classified employees include: 4 kitchen staff, 2 custodians, 5 reading and math interventionist support, 1 library media teacher, 2 computer teachers, and 2 office assistants. Six of the sixteen teachers have less than ten years’ experience. A. Description of Performance Management System: Holt (February 16, 2017) explained: â€Å"It’s really important that everyone understands the same high expectations across the board, from behavioral expectations to work environment expectations, policies and procedures, and the ways we do things.† Staff is reminded about those expectations at the beginning of the year staff†¦show more content†¦Holt said: â€Å"We have a really tight network here, we talk to each other a lot. If something needs to be addressed I will go to them immediately and we will work it out. If I need to call a teacher in or a classified employee, or if they have a concern about something, we will meet directly (February 16, 2017).† Holt spends time in the classrooms, so teachers know they can talk to her anytime. Summative teachers are formally evaluated twice a year, and formative teachers once a year. All classified employees are evaluated once per year. Faculty and staff receive feedback often, informal walk-throughs happen weekly, where the teacher or staff receive comments. New teachers are paired with mentors, for instance they just hired a new 4th grade position this year. This teacher had a one year of teaching kindergarten but has been out of teaching for several years, and had no experience with 4th grade. Consequently, she was out of the loop with curriculum, and programs the school uses. This teacher has received tons of support, her mentor teacher was the other 4th grade teacher, and they would plan curriculum together every day after school. At the administrative level, Holt helped the new teacher understand the data systems like aspire, and log-ins for instructional programs for her and her students. Holt stressed daily contact, and support for new teachers in order for them to be successful. B. Determination of Factors Impacting Workforce Engagement: First,Show MoreRelatedThe Management Of Talent Management1393 Words   |  6 Pagesraises the need for a system for proper management of Talent in our company. This document looks at various vendor solutions available in the market and does a feature analysis of the salient features of each of them. Vendor 1: Halogen Software Site: www.halogensoftware.com Description: According to their website: Halogen TalentSpace is a cloud-based, comprehensive suite of talent management solutions. The suite includes applications for learning management, performance management, recruitment and jobRead MoreIs Performance Management Necessarily Useful Today? Discuss.1059 Words   |  5 PagesAssignment about 1000-1250words. Is performance management necessarily useful today? Discuss. Performance management refers to a process by which managers monitor, rate and reward an employee for their work and contributions towards the achievement of organizational goals. The assessment of an employee s contribution usually plays a major role in promoting individual accountability. This ensures maximum contribution of the employee. Performance management therefore forms an integral part ofRead MorePerformance Management at the University of Ghana982 Words   |  4 PagesPerformance Management at the University of Ghana It is commendable that the Balme Library is seeking to enhance their diverse customer base through several initiatives, including the improvement of their performance management system. Aguinis (2013) has noted the importance of an organization’s mission and goals being tied to the performance management plan. There are two prerequisites that Aguinis (2013) lists before a performance management system can be implemented: knowledge of the strategicRead MoreHuman Resource Specialists And Position Management856 Words   |  4 Pagesjob description differs depending on the groups and objectives needed to achieve set goal within the department or organization. Job description will describe the position’s responsibilities, duties as well as minimum qualifications and education. â€Å"Exactly how job descriptions are prepared and used is a complicated story that has it origins in the creation of civil service systems and merit system principles.† (Borrego, 2012) E lected and appointed officials may consider positions management a necessityRead MoreEffective Communication Is Appropriate For An Organization1280 Words   |  6 Pagesrecommendations to support improved performance of high quality professional roles and responsibilities (Soltani Maupetit, 2013). Such expectations are appropriate in improving the ability of the firm’s leaders to expand the assurance practice. The organization should also create a panel to recommend the firm’s leadership to support a positive and importance message to enhance performance. The communication of the strategy is an important aspect to enhance performance. The strategies can be communicatedRead MoreEssay about Memo Performance Management897 Words   |  4 PagesSUBJECT: Performance Management Plan CC: Traci Goldeman Hi Marylee, having found our recommendations for the compensation and benefits strategy satisfactory to Clapton Commercial Construction’s needs I will next outline a performance management plan. â€Å"Performance management (PM) includes activities which ensure that goals are consistently being met in an effective and efficient manner.† (â€Å"Performance Mangement,†Ã‚  2013, para.  1). According to My Strategic Plan  (2012), â€Å"Performance ManagementRead MoreThe Performance Management System Of Southwood School Essay1617 Words   |  7 Pagesprior, Southwood implemented a performance management system that was designed for teachers by the British Department for Education and Skills (DfES), which was used to evaluate school support staff as well, because there was no system specifically geared toward the support staff. Southwood did not have HR personnel to design a system for support staff, at the time, so the emphasis of performance management was pa id to teachers. A specialized performance management system was not perceived to be priorityRead MorePerformance Management Systems : An Important Part Of Human Resource Management System1092 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract Performance Management Systems are an important part of Human Resource Management (HRM). In order for someone to succeed in the position they are being hired for they must possess the necessary skills to complete their job. In order to do this there must be some kind of training involved in the hiring process. This training will increase your businesses productivity and performance. After they have been successfully trained, the employees will need some type of performance management systemRead MoreEffective Performance Management Systems Essay examples1127 Words   |  5 PagesPrior to any development, management should take note of what exactly they want to achieve with their performance appraisal system (goals), what properties they want their appraisal systems to possess (characteristics), how they wish to execute the performance appraisal (method), and how they will use the data collected to achieve said goals (feedback). It is also pertinent that effective performance manage ment systems clearly communicate expectations, distribute performance information to employeesRead MoreJob Analysis and Operational Management1444 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Job Analysis and Operational Management Name Institutional Affiliation Date: Job Analysis and Operational Management Describe the aims, objectives, and relevance of job analysis to operational management process Frequently, managers who are pressured with time employ the same work description, which has been in their use for years. Nevertheless, very few jobs are stationary and are retained without changes in our fast advancing world. A structured job analysis presents an opportunity for an

Letter Of Study Application Letter - 799 Words

I am writing to apply for the tenure track associate professor position in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Louisiana at Lafayette. I have a Ph.D. degree in Mechanical Engineering from the Mechanical and Energy Processes Department/Southern Illinois University - Carbondale, USA (Fall 2000). The areas of my expertise (teach research) are in the mechanical systems mainly machine design and solid Mechanics. I believe that my teaching and research capabilities and my industrial experience that I gained through conducting major projects/consultations for different industries prepared me to be an effective faculty member in your department. I am currently a visiting professor at the Mechanical and Aerospace†¦show more content†¦At the graduate level, I would naturally be interested in teaching courses in mechanical systems and solid mechanics and related courses. My research focuses on designing of mechanical systems and investigating mechanical interaction between machine components. This research required a truly multidisciplinary research effort span the entire mechanical systems and solid mechanics spectrums of mechanical engineering. The encountered background and knowledge has led me to expand my research to account for the failure of machine components and systems in automotive and aerospace industries such as automotive brake systems and clutches, and aircraft landing gears. For the past few years, I have been also involved in designing and fabricating of mechanical systems and devices for oil and gas industries. This includes designing and constructing of drilling testing systems and high load low frequency vibration devices. The systems/devices are utilized to investigate the causes of the downhole assembly and drill pipes/drill bits failures. The research also involved engineering and manufacturing of new materials mainly nano-particles and using them as additives to improve the drilling fluids stability and lubricity in HTHP conditions. The research projects are funded by major international oil and gas companies (Shell, PDO, and Schlumberger) and by well-respected research organizations such as Qatar Foundation and the Research Council. As a reward for my teaching and researchShow MoreRelatedWhat Is A Plan To Improve Letter Formation Of Capital Letters?820 Words   |  4 Pagesdevelopmentally delayed and have difficulty writing their letters correctly. I am interested in knowing whether or not students will improve their letter formation of capital letters with use of the IPad application program for Handwriting Without Tears (HWT). I plan to implement the IPad app with points given for each successful formation of letters. I will apply this intervention using an Multiple baseline design. 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Punishment And Tough On Crime Era Policies Essay - 1983 Words

In this period of mass incarceration and tough on crime era policies, harsh prison and jail conditions are being utilized as a form of deterrent to reduce crime and improve public safety. Accordingly, well over â€Å"2.3 million people are in prison or jail, and 700,000 former offenders are returned into society each year and 77 percent were sent back to prison costing taxpayers massive amounts of revenue.† (Mears Cochran, 2015) As a result of this the United States possesses the â€Å"highest incarceration rate in the world† due to this faulty theory. (Mears Cochran, 2015) For many politicians and the general public, they believe the idea that stringent and austere prison conditions will create a milieu in which an offender will want to reform to avoid these intolerable living environments. This situation is exacerbated by the lack of studies, and politicians not heeding the existing research. According to Listwan et al., limited number of studies that has paid syste matic attention to how exposure to the deprivations or pains of imprisonment might foster reoffending. This omission is somewhat perplexing, given that the pains of imprisonment have long been documented and that policymakers have explicitly celebrated the painfulness of prisons as a way of teaching offenders that â€Å"crime does not pay.† (Listwan et al., 2013) However, these intentions are faulty, and it raises a myriad of issues about mass imprisonment and reentry. Brutal and insufferable prison conditions create anShow MoreRelatedClassical Vs. Classical Criminology989 Words   |  4 Pagesacknowledge human behaviour as a cause of crime (Morrison 1995). This has led some researchers to argue that classical criminology cannot be considered as a science (Garland 1985). Further, researchers have, however, disputed these claims, arguing that the research provided by classical criminologists is useful and has provided a gateway for many criminal justice reforms. In light of this, this essay will outline the classical criminological theory of crime causation, if any, and discuss how this positionRead MoreThe Increased Prison Population and Improper Punishment System1083 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Within the context of the post 9/11 era a complex and arguably contradictory and paradoxical set of conditions, practices and policies have emerged in relation to how we see, represent, understand and acknowledge the diversity of ‘Others’† (2008). In this paper, I have discussed issue of racism which our contemporary society is facing. Overcrowded prisons and improper punishment systems are immense social issues for many nations’ governments. Growing prison punishment has led to congested prison andRead MoreInvestigating The Roots Of The Prison Industrial Complex1576 Words   |  7 PagesObama granted clemency to 46 prisoners, facing decades of prison time for low-level non-violent drug offenses. Obama said the nation is spending too much money on incarceration of individuals who received long sentences for relatively minor drug crimes, and so by granting amnesty to these 46 prisoners, he hopes to push the drive towards prison reform. This simple action gave four dozen prisoners a second chance at life. This brings Obama’s commutations to 89. Presidential clemency has always beenRead MoreCorrections: From Rehabilitation to a More Punitive Model Essay1594 Words   |  7 Pagessystem as the appropriate locus for disability related policy matters†. Clear, T., Cole, G. (2013) acknowledged that most of the states started building prisons and transformed the others in the correctional institutions between 1960s and 1970s. The rehabilitation model was conquered and the counselors or teachers administered the treatment programs at that time. In the facilities the greater preference were security, disciple, and order. In that era prisoners enjoyed a lot constitutional rights asRead MoreJuvenile Crime And Crime Rates1609 Words   |  7 PagesJuvenile crime is one of the nation s most serious problems. Concerns about it are generally broadcasted by federal, state, and local government officials and by the public. In years prior, the burden developed beginning with the dramatic rise in juvenile violence in the eighties reaching an all-time peak in the first part of the nineties. Even though juvenile crime rates seem to have lowered since the mid-nineties, the reduction has not eased the concern. Many states began taking strict statutoryRead MoreEssay On Law And Order Politics801 Words   |  4 PagesAs the atmosphere inside and outside of Donald Trump’s rallies took a violent turn this weekend, the comparisons grew between Trump and two figures from an earlier era of tumult: President Richard Nixon, and George Walla ce, the conservative populist politician whose 1968 campaign for president drew on cries for â€Å"law and order.† Trump’s language has clearly been harkening back to that tumultuous Vietnam War period, even using the same phrases. â€Å"There has to be some decorum,† he said in St. Louis onRead MoreThe United States Juvenile Justice Court Was Based On The1325 Words   |  6 Pagesthe age of childhood influenced England’s juvenile justice. Eventually the English common-law established â€Å"children under seven should not face any legal penalties† (Bartollas Miller, 2017, p.4), making children under the age of 7 exempt from punishment. At the beginning of the juvenile justice system in the United States, the United States continued the English practices to include that the family is in control of the children. But it was during the colonial times and later that the communitiesRead MoreSocial Issues Should Serve As A Guide Rather Than A Solidified Model3239 Words   |  13 Pagessocial trends we will also see changes in socially acceptable behaviors, including delinquency. Implementing criminal justice policies and procedures based on social attitudes and behaviors increases the potentia l for injustice to occur via unrealistic expectation that the trend will remain constant throughout an ever evolving society. Changes to our justice system policies and practices should be implemented in fair and balanced capacities, thus trending social issues should serve as a guide ratherRead MoreThe Incarceration Of The Correctional System910 Words   |  4 Pagesthrough incarceration, probation, or parole, while prisons are the most popular correctional agency in America. Prisons in America were among some of the first public buildings established in the New World. Early prisons were not considered â€Å"houses of punishment,† but were rather referred to as temporary holding cells. The history of U.S. prisons from the late 1700s to the late 1800s was marked by a shift from a penitentiary system primarily concerned with rehabilitation to one concerned more with warehousingRead MorePunishing Race : A Continuing American Dilemma979 Words   |  4 PagesProfessor Michael T onry is the McKnight Presidential Professor of Criminal Law and Policy, director of the Institute on Crime and Public Policy of the University of Minnesota. He is one of the leading scholars of crime and punishment who has put race and race disparity at for front of the American Criminal Justice System and written many scholarly books on the topic. In his other works he has shaped an image of how racially minded the Criminal Justice System is and how such injustice has been applied